How can i split my long string constant over multiple lines?
I realize that you can do this:
echo "continuation \
lines"
>continuation lines
However, if you have indented code, it doesn't work out so well:
echo "continuation \
lines"
>continuation lines
This is what you may want
$ echo "continuation"\
> "lines"
continuation lines
If this creates two arguments to echo and you only want one, then let's look at string concatenation. In bash, placing two strings next to each other concatenate:
$ echo "continuation""lines"
continuationlines
So a continuation line without an indent is one way to break up a string:
$ echo "continuation"\
> "lines"
continuationlines
But when an indent is used:
$ echo "continuation"\
> "lines"
continuation lines
You get two arguments because this is no longer a concatenation.
If you would like a single string which crosses lines, while indenting but not getting all those spaces, one approach you can try is to ditch the continuation line and use variables:
$ a="continuation"
$ b="lines"
$ echo $a$b
continuationlines
This will allow you to have cleanly indented code at the expense of additional variables. If you make the variables local it should not be too bad.
Here documents with the <<-HERE terminator work well for indented multi-line text strings. It will remove any leading tabs from the here document. (Line terminators will still remain, though.)
cat <<-____HERE
continuation
lines
____HERE
See also http://ss64.com/bash/syntax-here.html
If you need to preserve some, but not all, leading whitespace, you might use something like
sed 's/^ //' <<____HERE
This has four leading spaces.
Two of them will be removed by sed.
____HERE
or maybe use tr to get rid of newlines:
tr -d '\012' <<-____
continuation
lines
____
(The second line has a tab and a space up front; the tab will be removed by the dash operator before the heredoc terminator, whereas the space will be preserved.)
For wrapping long complex strings over many lines, I like printf:
printf '%s' \
"This will all be printed on a " \
"single line (because the format string " \
"doesn't specify any newline)"
It also works well in contexts where you want to embed nontrivial pieces of shell script in another language where the host language's syntax won't let you use a here document, such as in a Makefile or Dockerfile.
printf '%s\n' >./myscript \
'#!/bin/sh` \
"echo \"G'day, World\"" \
'date +%F\ %T' && \
chmod a+x ./myscript && \
./myscript
You can use bash arrays
$ str_array=("continuation"
"lines")
then
$ echo "${str_array[*]}"
continuation lines
there is an extra space, because (after bash manual):
If the word is double-quoted,
${name[*]}expands to a single word with the value of each array member separated by the first character of the IFS variable
So set IFS='' to get rid of extra space
$ IFS=''
$ echo "${str_array[*]}"
continuationlines
In certain scenarios utilizing Bash's concatenation ability might be appropriate.
temp='this string is very long '
temp+='so I will separate it onto multiple lines'
echo $temp
this string is very long so I will separate it onto multiple lines
name=[value]...
...In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. When += is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute has been set, value is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated. When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see Arrays below), the variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When applied to a string-valued variable, value is expanded and appended to the variable's value.
I came across a situation in which I had to send a long message as part of a command argument and had to adhere to the line length limitation. The commands looks something like this:
somecommand --message="I am a long message" args
The way I solved this is to move the message out as a here document (like @tripleee suggested). But a here document becomes a stdin, so it needs to be read back in, I went with the below approach:
message=$(
tr "\n" " " <<-END
This is a
long message
END
)
somecommand --message="$message" args
This has the advantage that $message can be used exactly as the string constant with no extra whitespace or line breaks.
Note that the actual message lines above are prefixed with a tab character each, which is stripped by here document itself (because of the use of <<-). There are still line breaks at the end, which are then replaced by tr with spaces.
Note also that if you don't remove newlines, they will appear as is when "$message" is expanded. In some cases, you may be able to workaround by removing the double-quotes around $message, but the message will no longer be a single argument.
You could simply separate it with newlines (without using backslash) as required within the indentation as follows and just strip of new lines.
Example:
echo "continuation
of
lines" | tr '\n' ' '
Or if it is a variable definition newlines gets automatically converted to spaces. So, strip of extra spaces only if applicable.
x="continuation
of multiple
lines"
y="red|blue|
green|yellow"
echo $x # This will do as the converted space actually is meaningful
echo $y | tr -d ' ' # Stripping of space may be preferable in this case
This isn't exactly what the user asked, but another way to create a long string that spans multiple lines is by incrementally building it up, like so:
$ greeting="Hello"
$ greeting="$greeting, World"
$ echo $greeting
Hello, World
Obviously in this case it would have been simpler to build it one go, but this style can be very lightweight and understandable when dealing with longer strings.
Line continuations also can be achieved through clever use of syntax.
In the case of echo:
# echo '-n' flag prevents trailing <CR>
echo -n "This is my one-line statement" ;
echo -n " that I would like to make."
This is my one-line statement that I would like to make.
In the case of vars:
outp="This is my one-line statement" ;
outp+=" that I would like to make." ;
echo -n "${outp}"
This is my one-line statement that I would like to make.
Another approach in the case of vars:
outp="This is my one-line statement" ;
outp="${outp} that I would like to make." ;
echo -n "${outp}"
This is my one-line statement that I would like to make.
Voila!
Depending on what sort of risks you will accept and how well you know and trust the data, you can use simplistic variable interpolation.
$: x="
this
is
variably indented
stuff
"
$: echo "$x" # preserves the newlines and spacing
this
is
variably indented
stuff
$: echo $x # no quotes, stacks it "neatly" with minimal spacing
this is variably indented stuff
Following @tripleee 's printf example (+1):
LONG_STRING=$( printf '%s' \
'This is the string that never ends.' \
' Yes, it goes on and on, my friends.' \
' My brother started typing it not knowing what it was;' \
" and he'll continue typing it forever just because..." \
' (REPEAT)' )
echo $LONG_STRING
This is the string that never ends. Yes, it goes on and on, my friends. My brother started typing it not knowing what it was; and he'll continue typing it forever just because... (REPEAT)
And we have included explicit spaces between the sentences, e.g. "' Yes...". Also, if we can do without the variable:
echo "$( printf '%s' \
'This is the string that never ends.' \
' Yes, it goes on and on, my friends.' \
' My brother started typing it not knowing what it was;' \
" and he'll continue typing it forever just because..." \
' (REPEAT)' )"
This is the string that never ends. Yes, it goes on and on, my friends. My brother started typing it not knowing what it was; and he'll continue typing it forever just because... (REPEAT)
However, if you have indented code, it doesn't work out so well:
echo "continuation \ lines" >continuation lines
Try with single quotes and concatenating the strings:
echo 'continuation' \
'lines'
>continuation lines
Note: the concatenation includes a whitespace.
This probably doesn't really answer your question but you might find it useful anyway.
The first command creates the script that's displayed by the second command.
The third command makes that script executable.
The fourth command provides a usage example.
john@malkovich:~/tmp/so$ echo $'#!/usr/bin/env python\nimport textwrap, sys\n\ndef bash_dedent(text):\n """Dedent all but the first line in the passed `text`."""\n try:\n first, rest = text.split("\\n", 1)\n return "\\n".join([first, textwrap.dedent(rest)])\n except ValueError:\n return text # single-line string\n\nprint bash_dedent(sys.argv[1])' > bash_dedent
john@malkovich:~/tmp/so$ cat bash_dedent
#!/usr/bin/env python
import textwrap, sys
def bash_dedent(text):
"""Dedent all but the first line in the passed `text`."""
try:
first, rest = text.split("\n", 1)
return "\n".join([first, textwrap.dedent(rest)])
except ValueError:
return text # single-line string
print bash_dedent(sys.argv[1])
john@malkovich:~/tmp/so$ chmod a+x bash_dedent
john@malkovich:~/tmp/so$ echo "$(./bash_dedent "first line
> second line
> third line")"
first line
second line
third line
Note that if you really want to use this script, it makes more sense to move the executable script into ~/bin so that it will be in your path.
Check the python reference for details on how textwrap.dedent works.
If the usage of $'...' or "$(...)" is confusing to you, ask another question (one per construct) if there's not already one up. It might be nice to provide a link to the question you find/ask so that other people will have a linked reference.
