you can add a css rule to the label by selecting the parent of your input and adding to that at the time you disable the control
$("#the_name").prop('disabled', true).parent().css({backgroundColor:'#fcc'});
Additionally, I think label is meant to be used like this:
<label for="the_id">Label text</label>
<input type="checkbox" name="the_name" id="the_id" />
where the label's for
attribute matches the id
of the target control
in which case you could select the label by it's for
attribute and apply css as you see fit - something like this:
$("#the_id").prop('disabled', true);
$('label[for=the_id]').css({backgroundColor:'#fcc'});
See fiddle for demo: http://jsfiddle.net/bq52X/