Conceptually the closest thing to a pixelformat in X11 is a so called Visual (X11 core) or FBConfig (through GLX extension).
First you need the native window handle. You can retrieve this from GLFW using
Window x11win = glfwGetX11Window(glfwwin);
A window's visual can be queried using XGetWindowAttributes
XWindowAttributs winattr;
XGetWindowAttributes(display, x11win, &winattr);
// winattr->visual
// use it to query a XVisualInfo which can then be
// passed to glXGetConfig
The FBConfig can be queried using glXQueryDrawable
unsigned fbconfigid;
glXQueryDrawable(display, x11win, GLX_FBCONFIG_ID, &fbconfigid);
unsigned n_fbconfigs;
GLXFBConfig glxfbconfigs = glXGetFBConfigs(display, screen, &n_fbconfigs);
if( fbconfigid >= n_fbconfigs ){ raise_error(...); }
int attribute_value;
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(display, glxfbconfigs[fbconfigid], GLX_…, &attribute_value);
XFree(fbconfigs);