Your question:
What I want is to have the visualization editable/customizable within
excel, in such a way that if a change is made to the list of data, the
visualization is updated.
Short answer: No - that is not possible.
Long answer:
IBM Cognos Analytics renders exports to Excel on the server side. As you noticed, the visualizations are created before they reach Excel and are "static" according to the data flowing into them.
If you want to achieve interactivity inside Excel, you would need to program that in some Excel Macros or use Excel Native visualizations.
What you might want to explore are data modules. With IBM Cognos data modules you can upload your excel file with the changed data to the IBM Analytics Server.
See this very short technote on how to do that: https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/295345
And from there you can do all the fancy stuff that IBM Analytics Dashboards provides like interactive filtering, linking, drilling, filtering and so on and so on.
The results can be embedded in any HTML page via direct URL.
You might want to automate data upload to IBM Cognos.
Hope that helped.