As @ddejohn correctly said it in the comments, the behavior you face is actually coming from Excel, automatically converting the data to date. Thus pandas will have to deal with that data AS date, and treat it later to get the correct format back as you expect, as like you say you cannot modify the input Excel file.
Here is a short script to make it work as you expect:
import pandas as pd
def rev(x: str) -> str:
'''
converts '2003-02-14 00:00:00' to '14.02.03'
'''
hours = '00:00:00'
if not hours in x:
return x
y = x.split()[0]
y = y.split('-')
return '.'.join([i[-2:] for i in y[::-1]])
file = r'C:\your\folder\path\Classeur1.xlsx'
df = pd.read_excel(file, dtype=str)
df['column'] = df['column'].apply(rev)
Replace df['column']
by your actual column name.
You then get the desired format in your dataframe.