I'm trying to build googletest on an ARM M33 with the gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major toolchain using QEMU. I have a simple C program which calls printf() etc. via semihosting but now I'm trying to incorporate some simple C++, namely #include <iostream>. As soon as I do this however I'm faced with the following errors:
/usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: ../../cpp/call_gtest.o: in function `__static_initialization_and_destruction_0':
/usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/arm-none-eabi/include/c++/9.2.1/iostream:77: undefined reference to `__dso_handle'
/usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: /usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/thumb/v8-m.main+fp/hard/libstdc++.a(cxx11-ios_failure.o): in function `(anonymous namespace)::__io_category_instance()':
cxx11-ios_failure.cc:(.text._ZN12_GLOBAL__N_122__io_category_instanceEv+0x38): undefined reference to `__dso_handle'
/usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: /usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/thumb/v8-m.main+fp/hard/libstdc++.a(system_error.o): in function `_GLOBAL__sub_I__ZSt20__throw_system_errori':
system_error.cc:(.text.startup._GLOBAL__sub_I__ZSt20__throw_system_errori+0x1c): undefined reference to `__dso_handle'
/usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: /usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/thumb/v8-m.main+fp/hard/libg.a(lib_a-fini.o): in function `__libc_fini_array':
fini.c:(.text.__libc_fini_array+0x20): undefined reference to `_fini'
/usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: ../out/kernel.elf: hidden symbol `__dso_handle' isn't defined
/usr/bin/gcc-arm-none-eabi-9-2019-q4-major/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/9.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: final link failed: bad value
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [../..//include.mk:72: ../out/kernel.elf] Error 1
I've tried compiling with the -fno-use-cxa-atexit from this post with no luck. I'm definately not compiling with the -nostdlib flag.
My linker script (taken from CMSIS):
/******************************************************************************
* @file gcc_arm.ld
* @brief GNU Linker Script for Cortex-M based device
* @version V2.2.0
* @date 16. December 2020
******************************************************************************/
/*
* Copyright (c) 2009-2020 Arm Limited. All rights reserved.
*
* SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the License); you may
* not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an AS IS BASIS, WITHOUT
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
/*
*-------- <<< Use Configuration Wizard in Context Menu >>> -------------------
*/
/*---------------------- Flash Configuration ----------------------------------
<h> Flash Configuration
<o0> Flash Base Address <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
<o1> Flash Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
</h>
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* See https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiY67e2meD8AhUKQ0EAHSwmBSIQFnoECCAQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdocumentation-service.arm.com%2Fstatic%2F5ed11469ca06a95ce53f8ed7%3Ftoken%3D&usg=AOvVaw0o2b4qMG6MiKjhd_STNKqR
*/
__ROM_BASE = 0x10000000;
__ROM_SIZE = 200M;
/*--------------------- Embedded RAM Configuration ----------------------------
<h> RAM Configuration
<o0> RAM Base Address <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
<o1> RAM Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
</h>
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* See https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiY67e2meD8AhUKQ0EAHSwmBSIQFnoECCAQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdocumentation-service.arm.com%2Fstatic%2F5ed11469ca06a95ce53f8ed7%3Ftoken%3D&usg=AOvVaw0o2b4qMG6MiKjhd_STNKqR
*/
__RAM_BASE = 0x38000000;
__RAM_SIZE = 2048K;
/*--------------------- Stack / Heap Configuration ----------------------------
<h> Stack / Heap Configuration
<o0> Stack Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
<o1> Heap Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
</h>
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
__STACK_SIZE = 0x00100000;
__HEAP_SIZE = 0x00000100;
/*
*-------------------- <<< end of configuration section >>> -------------------
*/
/* ARMv8-M stack sealing:
to use ARMv8-M stack sealing set __STACKSEAL_SIZE to 8 otherwise keep 0
*/
__STACKSEAL_SIZE = 0;
MEMORY
{
FLASH (rx) : ORIGIN = __ROM_BASE, LENGTH = __ROM_SIZE
RAM (rwx) : ORIGIN = __RAM_BASE, LENGTH = __RAM_SIZE
}
/* Linker script to place sections and symbol values. Should be used together
* with other linker script that defines memory regions FLASH and RAM.
* It references following symbols, which must be defined in code:
* Reset_Handler : Entry of reset handler
*
* It defines following symbols, which code can use without definition:
* __exidx_start
* __exidx_end
* __copy_table_start__
* __copy_table_end__
* __zero_table_start__
* __zero_table_end__
* __etext
* __data_start__
* __preinit_array_start
* __preinit_array_end
* __init_array_start
* __init_array_end
* __fini_array_start
* __fini_array_end
* __data_end__
* __bss_start__
* __bss_end__
* __end__
* end
* __HeapLimit
* __StackLimit
* __StackTop
* __stack
* __StackSeal (only if ARMv8-M stack sealing is used)
*/
ENTRY(Reset_Handler)
SECTIONS
{
.text :
{
KEEP(*(.vectors))
*(.text*)
KEEP(*(.init))
KEEP(*(.fini))
/* .ctors */
*crtbegin.o(.ctors)
*crtbegin?.o(.ctors)
*(EXCLUDE_FILE(*crtend?.o *crtend.o) .ctors)
*(SORT(.ctors.*))
*(.ctors)
/* .dtors */
*crtbegin.o(.dtors)
*crtbegin?.o(.dtors)
*(EXCLUDE_FILE(*crtend?.o *crtend.o) .dtors)
*(SORT(.dtors.*))
*(.dtors)
*(.rodata*)
KEEP(*(.eh_frame*))
} > FLASH
/*
* SG veneers:
* All SG veneers are placed in the special output section .gnu.sgstubs. Its start address
* must be set, either with the command line option �--section-start� or in a linker script,
* to indicate where to place these veneers in memory.
*/
/*
.gnu.sgstubs :
{
. = ALIGN(32);
} > FLASH
*/
.ARM.extab :
{
*(.ARM.extab* .gnu.linkonce.armextab.*)
} > FLASH
__exidx_start = .;
.ARM.exidx :
{
*(.ARM.exidx* .gnu.linkonce.armexidx.*)
} > FLASH
__exidx_end = .;
.copy.table :
{
. = ALIGN(4);
__copy_table_start__ = .;
LONG (__etext)
LONG (__data_start__)
LONG ((__data_end__ - __data_start__) / 4)
/* Add each additional data section here */
/*
LONG (__etext2)
LONG (__data2_start__)
LONG ((__data2_end__ - __data2_start__) / 4)
*/
__copy_table_end__ = .;
} > FLASH
.zero.table :
{
. = ALIGN(4);
__zero_table_start__ = .;
/* Add each additional bss section here */
/*
LONG (__bss2_start__)
LONG ((__bss2_end__ - __bss2_start__) / 4)
*/
__zero_table_end__ = .;
} > FLASH
/**
* Location counter can end up 2byte aligned with narrow Thumb code but
* __etext is assumed by startup code to be the LMA of a section in RAM
* which must be 4byte aligned
*/
__etext = ALIGN (4);
.data : AT (__etext)
{
__data_start__ = .;
*(vtable)
*(.data)
*(.data.*)
. = ALIGN(4);
/* preinit data */
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_start = .);
KEEP(*(.preinit_array))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_end = .);
. = ALIGN(4);
/* init data */
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_start = .);
KEEP(*(SORT(.init_array.*)))
KEEP(*(.init_array))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_end = .);
. = ALIGN(4);
/* finit data */
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_start = .);
KEEP(*(SORT(.fini_array.*)))
KEEP(*(.fini_array))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_end = .);
KEEP(*(.jcr*))
. = ALIGN(4);
/* All data end */
__data_end__ = .;
} > RAM
/*
* Secondary data section, optional
*
* Remember to add each additional data section
* to the .copy.table above to asure proper
* initialization during startup.
*/
/*
__etext2 = ALIGN (4);
.data2 : AT (__etext2)
{
. = ALIGN(4);
__data2_start__ = .;
*(.data2)
*(.data2.*)
. = ALIGN(4);
__data2_end__ = .;
} > RAM2
*/
.bss :
{
. = ALIGN(4);
__bss_start__ = .;
*(.bss)
*(.bss.*)
*(COMMON)
. = ALIGN(4);
__bss_end__ = .;
} > RAM AT > RAM
/*
* Secondary bss section, optional
*
* Remember to add each additional bss section
* to the .zero.table above to asure proper
* initialization during startup.
*/
/*
.bss2 :
{
. = ALIGN(4);
__bss2_start__ = .;
*(.bss2)
*(.bss2.*)
. = ALIGN(4);
__bss2_end__ = .;
} > RAM2 AT > RAM2
*/
.heap (COPY) :
{
. = ALIGN(8);
__end__ = .;
PROVIDE(end = .);
. = . + __HEAP_SIZE;
. = ALIGN(8);
__HeapLimit = .;
} > RAM
.stack (ORIGIN(RAM) + LENGTH(RAM) - __STACK_SIZE - __STACKSEAL_SIZE) (COPY) :
{
. = ALIGN(8);
__StackLimit = .;
. = . + __STACK_SIZE;
. = ALIGN(8);
__StackTop = .;
} > RAM
PROVIDE(__stack = __StackTop);
/* ARMv8-M stack sealing:
to use ARMv8-M stack sealing uncomment '.stackseal' section
*/
/*
.stackseal (ORIGIN(RAM) + LENGTH(RAM) - __STACKSEAL_SIZE) (COPY) :
{
. = ALIGN(8);
__StackSeal = .;
. = . + 8;
. = ALIGN(8);
} > RAM
*/
/* Check if data + heap + stack exceeds RAM limit */
ASSERT(__StackLimit >= __HeapLimit, "region RAM overflowed with stack")
ASSERT(__StackTop <= ORIGIN(RAM) + LENGTH(RAM), "RAM overflowed")
}
CFLAGS:
CFLAGS += -mcpu=$(PROCESSOR_NAME) \
-g \
-nostartfiles -ffreestanding \
-mthumb \
-ffunction-sections \
-Wl,--gc-sections \
-mfloat-abi=hard -Wextra --specs=rdimon.specs -fno-use-cxa-atexit
The C++ code is called from C:
#include <stdio.h>
#include "call_gtest.h"
// #include <iostream>
using namespace namespace1;
AAA::AAA() {
}
int AAA::sayHi(void) {
printf("This is working\n");
// std::cout << "This is not working."<< std::endl;
return 1;
}
where the entry point is _start():
void _start(void)
{
initialise_monitor_handles(); // required for semihosting
int a = AAA_sayHi();
exit_qemu("Program exiting.\n");
while (1)
{
__NOP();
}
}
The startup script is provided by CMSIS_5.
Update:
I've managed to get rid of the undefined reference to '__dso_handle' error by explicitly linking crtbegin.o and crtend.o to my image (following the instructions here).
This leaves me with the undefined reference to '_fini' error.
Whilst I can get rid of the error by inserting
/* Include the list of initialization functions sorted. */
.init_array :
{
crti.o(.init_array)
KEEP (*(SORT(EXCLUDE_FILE(crti.o crtn.o) .init_array.*)))
KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE(crti.o crtn.o) .init_array))
crtn.o(.init_array)
}
/* Include the list of termination functions sorted. */
.fini_array :
{
crti.o(.fini_array)
KEEP (*(SORT(EXCLUDE_FILE(crti.o crtn.o) .fini_array.*)))
KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE(crti.o crtn.o) .fini_array))
crtn.o(.fini_array)
}
into my linker script (I have no idea why this satisfies the linker) my call to std::cout crashes with a handfault.
I've also tried writing my own crti.c and crtn.c however the linker appears to ignore them.
