Parsing command-line arguments in C

Question

I'm trying to write a program that can compare two files line by line, word by word, or character by character in C. It has to be able to read in command line options -l, -w, -i or --...

• if the option is -l, it compares the files line by line.
• if the option is -w, it compares the files word by word.
• if the option is --, it automatically assumes that the next argument is the first filename.
• if the option is -i, it compares them in a case insensitive manner.
• defaults to comparing the files character by character.

It's not supposed to matter how many times the options are input as long as -w and -l aren't inputted at the same time and there are no more or less than two files.

I don't even know where to begin with parsing the command line arguments.

So this is the code that I came up with for everything. I haven't error checked it quite yet, but am I writing things in an overcomplicated manner?

/*
 * Functions to compare files.
 */
int compare_line();
int compare_word();
int compare_char();
int case_insens();

/*
 * Program to compare the information in two files and print message saying
 * whether or not this was successful.
 */
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    /* Loop counter */
    size_t i = 0;

    /* Variables for functions */
    int caseIns = 0;
    int line = 0;
    int word = 0;

    /* File pointers */
    FILE *fp1, *fp2;

    /*
     * Read through command-line arguments for options.
     */
    for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
    {
        printf("argv[%u] = %s\n", i, argv[i]);
        if (argv[i][0] == '-')
        {
             if (argv[i][1] == 'i')
             {
                 caseIns = 1;
             }
             if (argv[i][1] == 'l')
             {
                 line = 1;
             }
             if (argv[i][1] == 'w')
             {
                 word = 1;
             }
             if (argv[i][1] == '-')
             {
                 fp1 = argv[i][2];
                 fp2 = argv[i][3];
             }
             else
             {
                 printf("Invalid option.");
                 return 2;
             }
        }
        else
        {
           fp1(argv[i]);
           fp2(argv[i][1]);
        }
    }

    /*
     * Check that files can be opened.
     */
    if(((fp1 = fopen(fp1, "rb")) ==  NULL) || ((fp2 = fopen(fp2, "rb")) == NULL))
    {
        perror("fopen()");
        return 3;
    }
    else
    {
        if (caseIns == 1)
        {
            if(line == 1 && word == 1)
            {
                printf("That is invalid.");
                return 2;
            }
            if(line == 1 && word == 0)
            {
                if(compare_line(case_insens(fp1, fp2)) == 0)
                        return 0;
            }
            if(line == 0 && word == 1)
            {
                if(compare_word(case_insens(fp1, fp2)) == 0)
                    return 0;
            }
            else
            {
                if(compare_char(case_insens(fp1,fp2)) == 0)
                    return 0;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if(line == 1 && word == 1)
            {
                printf("That is invalid.");
                return 2;
            }
            if(line == 1 && word == 0)
            {
                if(compare_line(fp1, fp2) == 0)
                    return 0;
            }
            if(line == 0 && word == 1)
            {
                if(compare_word(fp1, fp2) == 0)
                    return 0;
            }
            else
            {
                if(compare_char(fp1, fp2) == 0)
                    return 0;
            }
        }
    }
    return 1;

    if(((fp1 = fclose(fp1)) == NULL) || (((fp2 = fclose(fp2)) == NULL)))
    {
        perror("fclose()");
        return 3;
    }
    else
    {
        fp1 = fclose(fp1);
        fp2 = fclose(fp2);
    }
}

/*
 * Function to compare two files line-by-line.
 */
int compare_line(FILE *fp1, FILE *fp2)
{
    /* Buffer variables to store the lines in the file */
    char buff1 [LINESIZE];
    char buff2 [LINESIZE];

    /* Check that neither is the end of file */
    while((!feof(fp1)) && (!feof(fp2)))
    {
        /* Go through files line by line */
        fgets(buff1, LINESIZE, fp1);
        fgets(buff2, LINESIZE, fp2);
    }

    /* Compare files line by line */
    if(strcmp(buff1, buff2) == 0)
    {
        printf("Files are equal.\n");
        return 0;
    }
    printf("Files are not equal.\n");
    return 1;
}

/*
 * Function to compare two files word-by-word.
 */
int compare_word(FILE *fp1, FILE *fp2)
{
    /* File pointers */
    FILE *fp1, *fp2;

    /* Arrays to store words */
    char fp1words[LINESIZE];
    char fp2words[LINESIZE];

    if(strtok(fp1, " ") == NULL || strtok(fp2, " ") == NULL)
    {
        printf("File is empty. Cannot compare.\n");
        return 0;
    }
    else
    {
        fp1words = strtok(fp1, " ");
        fp2words = strtok(fp2, " ");

        if(fp1words == fp2words)
        {
            fputs(fp1words);
            fputs(fp2words);
            printf("Files are equal.\n");
            return 0;
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

/*
 * Function to compare two files character by character.
 */
int compare_char(FILE *fp1,FILE *fp2)
{
    /* Variables to store the characters from both files */
    int c;
    int d;

    /* Buffer variables to store chars */
    char buff1 [LINESIZE];
    char buff2 [LINESIZE];

    while(((c = fgetc(fp1))!= EOF) && (((d = fgetc(fp2))!=EOF)))
    {
        if(c == d)
        {
            if((fscanf(fp1, "%c", buff1)) == (fscanf(fp2, "%c", buff2)))
            {
                printf("Files have equivalent characters.\n");
                return 1;
                break;
            }
        }

    }
    return 0;
}

/*
 * Function to compare two files in a case-insensitive manner.
 */
int case_insens(FILE *fp1, FILE *fp2, size_t n)
{
    /* Pointers for files. */
    FILE *fp1, *fp2;

    /* Variable to go through files. */
    size_t i = 0;

    /* Arrays to store file information. */
    char fp1store[LINESIZE];
    char fp2store[LINESIZE];

    while(!feof(fp1) && !feof(fp2))
    {
        for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            fscanf(fp1, "%s", fp1store);
            fscanf(fp2, "%s", fp2store);

            fp1store = tolower(fp1store);
            fp2store = tolower(fp2store);

            return 1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

Answer 1

To my knowledge, the three most popular ways how to parse command line arguments in C are:

• Getopt (#include <unistd.h> from the POSIX C Library), which can solve simple argument parsing tasks. If you're a bit familiar with bash, the getopt built-in of bash is based on Getopt from the GNU libc.
• Argp (#include <argp.h> from the GNU C Library), which can solve more complex tasks and takes care of stuff like, for example:
  • -?, --help for help message, including email address
  • -V, --version for version information
  • --usage for usage message
• Doing it yourself, which I don't recommend for programs that would be given to somebody else, as there is too much that could go wrong or lower quality. The popular mistake of forgetting about '--' to stop option parsing is just one example.

The GNU C Library documentation has some nice examples for Getopt and Argp.

• http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Getopt.html
• http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp.html

Example for using Getopt

#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    bool isCaseInsensitive = false;
    int opt;
    enum { CHARACTER_MODE, WORD_MODE, LINE_MODE } mode = CHARACTER_MODE;

    while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "ilw")) != -1) {
        switch (opt) {
        case 'i': isCaseInsensitive = true; break;
        case 'l': mode = LINE_MODE; break;
        case 'w': mode = WORD_MODE; break;
        default:
            fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [-ilw] [file...]\n", argv[0]);
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    }

    // Now optind (declared extern int by <unistd.h>) is the index of the first non-option argument.
    // If it is >= argc, there were no non-option arguments.

    // ...
}

Example for using Argp

#include <argp.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

const char *argp_program_version = "programname programversion";
const char *argp_program_bug_address = "<your@email.address>";
static char doc[] = "Your program description.";
static char args_doc[] = "[FILENAME]...";
static struct argp_option options[] = { 
    { "line", 'l', 0, 0, "Compare lines instead of characters."},
    { "word", 'w', 0, 0, "Compare words instead of characters."},
    { "nocase", 'i', 0, 0, "Compare case insensitive instead of case sensitive."},
    { 0 } 
};

struct arguments {
    enum { CHARACTER_MODE, WORD_MODE, LINE_MODE } mode;
    bool isCaseInsensitive;
};

static error_t parse_opt(int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state) {
    struct arguments *arguments = state->input;
    switch (key) {
    case 'l': arguments->mode = LINE_MODE; break;
    case 'w': arguments->mode = WORD_MODE; break;
    case 'i': arguments->isCaseInsensitive = true; break;
    case ARGP_KEY_ARG: return 0;
    default: return ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN;
    }   
    return 0;
}

static struct argp argp = { options, parse_opt, args_doc, doc, 0, 0, 0 };

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    struct arguments arguments;

    arguments.mode = CHARACTER_MODE;
    arguments.isCaseInsensitive = false;

    argp_parse(&argp, argc, argv, 0, 0, &arguments);

    // ...
}

Example for Doing it Yourself

#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{   
    bool isCaseInsensitive = false;
    enum { CHARACTER_MODE, WORD_MODE, LINE_MODE } mode = CHARACTER_MODE;
    size_t optind;
    for (optind = 1; optind < argc && argv[optind][0] == '-'; optind++) {
        switch (argv[optind][1]) {
        case 'i': isCaseInsensitive = true; break;
        case 'l': mode = LINE_MODE; break;
        case 'w': mode = WORD_MODE; break;
        default:
            fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [-ilw] [file...]\n", argv[0]);
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }   
    }
    argv += optind;

    // *argv points to the remaining non-option arguments.
    // If *argv is NULL, there were no non-option arguments.

    // ...
}   

Disclaimer: I am new to Argp, the example might contain errors.

Answer 2

Use getopt(), or perhaps getopt_long().

int iflag = 0;
enum { WORD_MODE, LINE_MODE } op_mode = WORD_MODE;  // Default set
int opt;

while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "ilw") != -1)
{
    switch (opt)
    {
    case 'i':
        iflag = 1;
        break;
    case 'l':
        op_mode = LINE_MODE;
        break;
    case 'w':
        op_mode = WORD_MODE;
        break;
    default:
        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [-ilw] [file ...]\n", argv[0]);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
}

/* Process file names or stdin */
if (optind >= argc)
    process(stdin, "(standard input)", op_mode);
else
{
    int i;
    for (i = optind; i < argc; i++)
    {
        FILE *fp = fopen(argv[i], "r");
        if (fp == 0)
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to open %s (%d %s)\n",
                    argv[0], argv[i], errno, strerror(errno));
        else
        {
            process(fp, argv[i], op_mode);
            fclose(fp);
        }
    }
 }

Note that you need to determine which headers to include (I make it 4 that are required), and the way I wrote the op_mode type means you have a problem in the function process() - you can't access the enumeration down there. It's best to move the enumeration outside the function; you might even make op_mode a file-scope variable without external linkage (a fancy way of saying static) to avoid passing it to the function. This code does not handle - as a synonym for standard input, another exercise for the reader. Note that getopt() automatically takes care of -- to mark the end of options for you.

I've not run any version of the typing above past a compiler; there could be mistakes in it.

---

For extra credit, write a (library) function:

int filter(int argc, char **argv, int idx, int (*function)(FILE *fp, const char *fn));

which encapsulates the logic for processing file name options after the getopt() loop. It should handle - as standard input. Note that using this would indicate that op_mode should be a static file scope variable. The filter() function takes argc, argv, optind and a pointer to the processing function. It should return 0 (EXIT_SUCCESS) if it was able to open all the files and all invocations of the function reported 0, otherwise 1 (or EXIT_FAILURE). Having such a function simplifies writing Unix-style 'filter' programs that read files specified on the command line or standard input.

Answer 3

I've found Gengetopt to be quite useful - you specify the options you want with a simple configuration file, and it generates a .c/.h pair that you simply include and link with your application. The generated code makes use of getopt_long, appears to handle most common sorts of command line parameters, and it can save a lot of time.

A gengetopt input file might look something like this:

version "0.1"
package "myApp"
purpose "Does something useful."

# Options
option "filename" f "Input filename" string required
option "verbose" v "Increase program verbosity" flag off
option "id" i "Data ID" int required
option "value" r "Data value" multiple(1-) int optional 

Generating the code is easy and spits out cmdline.h and cmdline.c:

$ gengetopt --input=myApp.cmdline --include-getopt

The generated code is easily integrated:

#include <stdio.h>
#include "cmdline.h"

int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
  struct gengetopt_args_info ai;
  if (cmdline_parser(argc, argv, &ai) != 0) {
    exit(1);
  }
  printf("ai.filename_arg: %s\n", ai.filename_arg);
  printf("ai.verbose_flag: %d\n", ai.verbose_flag);
  printf("ai.id_arg: %d\n", ai.id_arg);
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < ai.value_given; ++i) {
    printf("ai.value_arg[%d]: %d\n", i, ai.value_arg[i]);
  }
}

If you need to do any extra checking (such as ensuring flags are mutually exclusive), you can do this fairly easily with the data stored in the gengetopt_args_info struct.

Answer 4

You can use James Theiler's "opt" package.

And a flattering post with some examples of how it is so much simpler than other approaches is here:

Opt 3.19 review and upgrades

Answer 5

Docopt has a C implementation that I thought was quite nice:

From a man-page standardized format describing command line options, docopt infers and creates an argument parser. This got started in Python; the Python version literally just parses the docstring and returns a dict. To do this in C takes a little more work, but it's clean to use and has no external dependencies.

Answer 6

There is a great general-purpose C library, libUCW, which includes neat command-line option parsing and configuration file loading.

The library also comes with good documentation and includes some other useful stuff (fast I/O, data structures, allocators, ...) but this can be used separately.

Example libUCW option parser (from the library docs)

#include <ucw/lib.h>
#include <ucw/opt.h>

int english;
int sugar;
int verbose;
char *tea_name;

static struct opt_section options = {
  OPT_ITEMS {
    OPT_HELP("A simple tea boiling console."),
    OPT_HELP("Usage: teapot [options] name-of-the-tea"),
    OPT_HELP(""),
    OPT_HELP("Options:"),
    OPT_HELP_OPTION,
    OPT_BOOL('e', "english-style", english, 0, "\tEnglish style (with milk)"),
    OPT_INT('s', "sugar", sugar, OPT_REQUIRED_VALUE, "<spoons>\tAmount of sugar (in teaspoons)"),
    OPT_INC('v', "verbose", verbose, 0, "\tVerbose (the more -v, the more verbose)"),
    OPT_STRING(OPT_POSITIONAL(1), NULL, tea_name, OPT_REQUIRED, ""),
    OPT_END
  }
};

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  opt_parse(&options, argv+1);
  return 0;
}

Answer 7

Tooting my own horn if I may, I'd also like to suggest taking a look at an option parsing library that I've written: dropt.

• It's a C library (with a C++ wrapper if desired).
• It's lightweight.
• It's extensible (custom argument types can be easily added and have equal footing with built-in argument types).
• It should be very portable (it's written in standard C) with no dependencies (other than the C standard library).
• It has a very unrestrictive license (zlib/libpng).

One feature that it offers that many others don't is the ability to override earlier options. For example, if you have a shell alias:

alias bar="foo --flag1 --flag2 --flag3"

and you want to use bar but with--flag1 disabled, it allows you to do:

bar --flag1=0

Answer 8

I wrote a tiny library that parses arguments similar to POpt, which I had several issues with, called XOpt. It uses GNU-style argument parsing and has a very similar interface to POpt.

I use it from time to time with great success, and it works pretty much anywhere.

Answer 9

I wrote a command-line parser library called cmdparser

https://github.com/XUJINKAI/cmdparser/

It's fully tested and support nested sub-commands.

An example for question:

static cmdp_action_t callback(cmdp_process_param_st *params);
static bool g_line_by_line = false;
static bool g_word_by_word = false;
static bool g_case_insensitive = false;

static cmdp_command_st cmdp = {
    .options = {
        {'l', NULL, "line by line", CMDP_TYPE_BOOL, &g_line_by_line },
        {'w', NULL, "word by word", CMDP_TYPE_BOOL, &g_word_by_word },
        {'i', NULL, "case insensitive", CMDP_TYPE_BOOL, &g_case_insensitive },
        {0},
    },
    .fn_process = callback,
};

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    return cmdp_run(argc - 1, argv + 1, &cmdp);
}

static cmdp_action_t callback(cmdp_process_param_st *params) {
    if (g_line_by_line && g_word_by_word) {
        return CMDP_ACT_FAIL | CMDP_ACT_SHOW_HELP;
    }

    // your code here...

    return CMDP_ACT_OVER;
}

Answer 10

    /*
      Here's a rough one not relying on any libraries.
      Example:
      -wi | -iw //word case insensitive
      -li | -il //line case insensitive
      -- file  //specify the first filename (you could just get the files
      as positional arguments in the else statement instead)
      PS: don't mind the #define's, they're just pasting code :D
    */
    #ifndef OPT_H
    #define OPT_H

    //specify option requires argument
    #define require \
      optarg = opt_pointer + 1; \
      if (*optarg == '\0') \
      { \
        if (++optind == argc) \
          goto opt_err_arg; \
        else \
          optarg = argv[optind]; \
      } \
      opt_pointer = opt_null_terminator;

    //start processing argv
    #define opt \
    int   optind                 = 1; \
    char *opt_pointer            = argv[1]; \
    char *optarg                 = NULL; \
    char  opt_null_terminator[2] = {'\0','\0'}; \
    if (0) \
    { \
      opt_err_arg: \
        fprintf(stderr,"option %c requires argument.\n",*opt_pointer); \
        return 1; \
      opt_err_opt: \
        fprintf(stderr,"option %c is invalid.\n",*opt_pointer); \
        return 1; \
    } \
    for (; optind < argc; opt_pointer = argv[++optind]) \
      if (*opt_pointer++ == '-') \
      { \
        for (;;++opt_pointer) \
          switch (*opt_pointer) \
          {

    //stop processing argv
    #define done \
          default: \
            if (*opt_pointer != '\0') \
              goto opt_err_opt; \
            else \
              goto opt_next; \
            break; \
          } \
        opt_next:; \
      }
    #endif //opt.h

    #include <stdio.h>
    #include "opt.h"
    int
    main (int argc, char **argv)
    {
      #define by_character 0
      #define by_word      1
      #define by_line      2
      int cmp = by_character;
      int case_insensitive = 0;
      opt
      case 'h':
        puts ("HELP!");
        break;
      case 'v':
        puts ("fileCMP Version 1.0");
        break;
      case 'i':
        case_insensitive = 1;
        break;
      case 'w':
        cmp = by_word;
        break;
      case 'l':
        cmp = by_line;
        break;
      case '-':required
        printf("first filename: %s\n", optarg);
        break;
      done
      else printf ("Positional Argument %s\n", argv[optind]);
      return 0;
    }

Answer 11

Okay, that's the start of long story - made short abort parsing a command line in C ...

/**
* Helper function to parse the command line
* @param argc Argument Counter
* @param argv Argument Vector
* @param prog Program Instance Reference to fill with options
*/
bool parseCommandLine(int argc, char* argv[], DuplicateFileHardLinker* prog) {
  bool pathAdded = false;

  // Iterate over all arguments...
  for (int i = 1; i<argc; i++) {

    // Is argv a command line option?
    if (argv[i][0] == '-' || argv[i][0] == '/') {

      // ~~~~~~ Optionally Cut that part vvvvvvvvvvvvv for sake of simplicity ~~~~~~~
      // Check for longer options
      if (stricmp( &argv[i][1], "NoFileName") == 0  ||
          strcmp( &argv[i][1], "q1"         ) == 0 ) {

        boNoFileNameLog = true;

      } else if (strcmp( &argv[i][1], "HowAreYou?") == 0 ) {
          logInfo( "SECRET FOUND: Well - wow I'm glad ya ask me.");
      } else {


        // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        // Now here comes the main thing:
        //

        // Check for one-character options
        while (char option = *++argv[i]) {

          switch (option) {
          case '?':
            // Show program usage

            logInfo(L"Options:");
            logInfo(L"  /q\t>Quite mode");
            logInfo(L"  /v\t>Verbose mode");
            logInfo(L"  /d\t>Debug mode");
            return false;

            // Log options
          case 'q':
            setLogLevel(LOG_ERROR);
            break;

          case 'v':
            setLogLevel(LOG_VERBOSE);
            break;

          case 'd':
            setLogLevel(LOG_DEBUG);
            break;

          default:
            logError(L"'%s' is an illegal command line option!"
                      "  Use /? to see valid options!", option);
            return false;
          } // switch one-char-option
        } // while one-char-options
      }  // else one vs longer options
    } // if isArgAnOption

    //
    // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  So that's it! ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    // What follows now is are some useful extras...
    //
    else {

      // The command line options seems to be a path...
      WCHAR tmpPath[MAX_PATH_LENGTH];
      mbstowcs(tmpPath, argv[i], sizeof(tmpPath));

      // Check if the path is existing!
      //...

      prog->addPath(tmpPath); // Comment or remove to get a working example
      pathAdded = true;
    }
  }

  // Check for parameters
  if (!pathAdded) {
    logError("You need to specify at least one folder to process!\n"
             "Use /? to see valid options!");
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}


int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {

  try {
    // Parse the command line
    if ( !parseCommandLine(argc, argv, prog) ) {
      return 1;
    }

    // I know that sample is just to show how the nicely parse command-line arguments
    // So Please excuse more nice useful C-glatter that follows now...

  }
  catch ( LPCWSTR err ) {
    DWORD dwError = GetLastError();
    if ( wcslen(err) > 0 ) {
      if ( dwError != 0 ) {
        logError(dwError, err);
      }
      else {
        logError(err);
      }
    }
    return 2;
  }
}

#define LOG_ERROR                1
#define LOG_INFO                 0
#define LOG_VERBOSE             -1
#define LOG_DEBUG               -2

/** Logging level for the console output */
int logLevel = LOG_INFO;

void logError(LPCWSTR message, ...) {
  va_list argp;
  fwprintf(stderr, L"ERROR: ");
  va_start(argp, message);
  vfwprintf(stderr, message, argp);
  va_end(argp);
  fwprintf(stderr, L"\n");
}


void logInfo(LPCWSTR message, ...) {
  if ( logLevel <= LOG_INFO ) {
    va_list argp;
    va_start(argp, message);
    vwprintf(message, argp);
    va_end(argp);
    wprintf(L"\n");
  }
}

Note that this version will also support combining arguments: So instead of writing /h /s -> /hs will also work.

Sorry for being the n-th person posting here - however I wasn't really satisfied with all the stand-alone-versions I saw here. Well, the library ones are quiet nice. So I would prefer the libUCW option parser, Arg or Getopt over a home-made ones.

Note you may change:

*++argv[i] -> (++argv*)[0]

It is longer and less cryptic, but still cryptic.

Okay, let's break it down:

1. argv[i]-> access i-th element in the argv-char pointer field

2. ++*... -> will forward the argv-pointer by one char

3. ... [0]-> will follow the pointer read the char

4. ++(...) -> bracket are there so we'll increase the pointer and not the char value itself.

It is so nice that in C#, the pointers 'died' - long live the pointers!!

Answer 12

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>


int is_arg(int ac, char **argv, char *arg) {
    if (ac < 2) {
        return 0;
    }
    for(int x=1; x < ac; x++) {
        if (0 == strcmp(argv[x], arg)) {
            return x;  // return position of arg
        }
    }
    return 0;  // arg not present
}


int main (int argc, char *argv[]) {
    int z = 0;

    if (argc < 2) {
        printf("no args present, aborting.\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    (z=is_arg(argc, argv, "bar")) ?     printf("TRUE %d\n", z) : printf("FALSE\n");
    (z=is_arg(argc, argv, "one bar")) ? printf("TRUE %d\n", z) : printf("FALSE\n");
    (z=is_arg(argc, argv, "foo")) ?     printf("TRUE %d\n", z) : printf("FALSE\n");

    /* testing:

    run: ./getopt two bar "one bar" foo
    TRUE 2
    TRUE 3
    TRUE 4

    run: ./getopt two bar one bar foo
    TRUE 2
    FALSE
    TRUE 5

    */
    return 0;
}

Answer 13

#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    size_t i;
    size_t filename_i = -1;

    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
    {
        char const *option =  argv[i];
        if (option[0] == '-')
        {
            printf("I am a flagged option");
            switch (option[1])
            {
                case 'a':
                    /*someting*/
                    break;
                case 'b':
                    break;
                case '-':
                    /* "--" -- the next argument will be a file.*/
                    filename_i = i;
                    i = i + 1;
                    break;
                default:
                    printf("flag not recognised %s", option);
                    break;
            }
        }
        else
        {   
            printf("I am a positional argument");
        }

        /* At this point, if -- was specified, then filename_i contains the index
         into argv that contains the filename. If -- was not specified, then filename_i will be -1*/
     }
  return 0;
}

Answer 14

Instructional template for parsing command line arguments in C.

C:>programName -w -- fileOne.txt fileTwo.txt

BOOL argLine = FALSE;
BOOL argWord = FALSE;
BOOL argChar = FALSE;
char * fileName1 = NULL;
char * fileName2 = NULL;

int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
    int i;
    printf("Argument count=%d\n",argc);
    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
        printf("Argument %s\n",argv[i]);
        if (strcmp(argv[i],"-l")==0) {
            argLine = TRUE;
            printf("    argLine=TRUE\n");
        }
        else if (strcmp(argv[i],"-w")==0) {
            argWord = TRUE;
            printf("    argWord=TRUE\n");
        }
        else if (strcmp(argv[i],"-c")==0) {
            argChar = TRUE;
            printf("    argChar=TRUE\n");
        }
        else if (strcmp(argv[i],"--")==0) {
            if (i+1 <= argc) {
                fileName1 = argv[++i];
                printf("    fileName1=%s\n",fileName1);
            }
            if (i+1 <= argc) {
                fileName2 = argv[++i];
                printf("    fileName2=%s\n",fileName2);
            }
        }
    }
    return 0;
}