Which is a better way to check for the existence of an attribute?
Jarret Hardie provided this answer:
if hasattr(a, 'property'):
a.property
I see that it can also be done this way:
if 'property' in a.__dict__:
a.property
Is one approach typically used more than others?
There is no "best" way, because you are never just checking to see if an attribute exists; it is always a part of some larger program. There are several correct ways and one notable incorrect way.
if 'property' in a.__dict__:
a.property
Here is a demonstration which shows this technique failing:
class A(object):
@property
def prop(self):
return 3
a = A()
print "'prop' in a.__dict__ =", 'prop' in a.__dict__
print "hasattr(a, 'prop') =", hasattr(a, 'prop')
print "a.prop =", a.prop
Output:
'prop' in a.__dict__ = False hasattr(a, 'prop') = True a.prop = 3
Most of the time, you don't want to mess with __dict__. It's a special attribute for doing special things, and checking to see if an attribute exists is fairly mundane.
A common idiom in Python is "easier to ask for forgiveness than permission", or EAFP for short. You will see lots of Python code that uses this idiom, and not just for checking attribute existence.
# Cached attribute
try:
big_object = self.big_object
# or getattr(self, 'big_object')
except AttributeError:
# Creating the Big Object takes five days
# and three hundred pounds of over-ripe melons.
big_object = CreateBigObject()
self.big_object = big_object
big_object.do_something()
Note that this is exactly the same idiom for opening a file that may not exist.
try:
f = open('some_file', 'r')
except IOError as ex:
if ex.errno != errno.ENOENT:
raise
# it doesn't exist
else:
# it does and it's open
Also, for converting strings to integers.
try:
i = int(s)
except ValueError:
print "Not an integer! Please try again."
sys.exit(1)
Even importing optional modules...
try:
import readline
except ImportError:
pass
The hasattr method, of course, works too. This technique is called "look before you leap", or LBYL for short.
# Cached attribute
if not hasattr(self, 'big_object'):
big_object = CreateBigObject()
self.big_object = CreateBigObject()
big_object.do_something()
(The hasattr builtin actually behaves strangely in Python versions prior to 3.2 with regard to exceptions -- it will catch exceptions that it shouldn't -- but this is probably irrelevant, since such exceptions are unlikely. The hasattr technique is also slower than try/except, but you don't call it often enough to care and the difference isn't very big. Finally, hasattr isn't atomic so it could throw AttributeError if another thread deletes the attribute, but this is a far-fetched scenario and you'll need to be very careful around threads anyway. I don't consider any of these three differences to be worth worrying about.)
Using hasattr is much simpler than try/except, as long as all you need to know is whether the attribute exists. The big issue for me is that the LBYL technique looks "strange", since as a Python programmer I'm more used to reading the EAFP technique. If you rewrite the above examples so that they use the LBYL style, you get code that is either clumsy, outright incorrect, or too difficult to write.
# Seems rather fragile...
if re.match('^(:?0|-?[1-9][0-9]*)$', s):
i = int(s)
else:
print "Not an integer! Please try again."
sys.exit(1)
And LBYL is sometimes outright incorrect:
if os.path.isfile('some_file'):
# At this point, some other program could
# delete some_file...
f = open('some_file', 'r')
If you want to write a LBYL function for importing optional modules, be my guest... it sounds like the function would be a total monster.
If you just need a default value, getattr is a shorter version of try/except.
x = getattr(self, 'x', default_value)
If the default value is expensive to construct, then you'll end up with something like this:
x = getattr(self, 'attr', None)
if x is None:
x = CreateDefaultValue()
self.attr = x
Or if None is a possible value,
sentinel = object()
x = getattr(self, 'attr', sentinel)
if x is sentinel:
x = CreateDefaultValue()
self.attr = x
Internally, the getattr and hasattr builtins just use try/except technique (except written in C). So they all behave the same way where it counts, and picking the right one is due to a matter of circumstances and style.
The try/except EAFP code will always rub some programmers the wrong way, and the hasattr/getattr LBYL code will irk other programmers. They're both correct, and there's often no truly compelling reason to pick one or the other. (Yet other programmers are disgusted that you would consider it normal for an attribute to be undefined, and some programmers are horrified that it's even possible to have an undefined attribute in Python.)
hasattr() is the way*.
a.__dict__ is ugly and it doesn't work in many cases. hasattr() actually tries to get attribute and catches AttributeError internally so it works even if you define custom __getattr__() method.
To avoid requesting the attribute twice the third argument for getattr() could be used:
not_exist = object()
# ...
attr = getattr(obj, 'attr', not_exist)
if attr is not_exist:
do_something_else()
else:
do_something(attr)
You could just use a default value instead of not_exist sentinel if it is more appropriate in your case.
I don't like try: do_something(x.attr) \n except AttributeError: .. it might hide AttributeError inside do_something() function.
*Before Python 3.1 hasattr() suppressed all exceptions (not only AttributeError) if it is not desirable getattr() should be used.
hasattr() is the Pythonic way to do it. Learn it, love it.
Other possible way is to check whether the variable name is in locals() or globals():
if varName in locals() or in globals():
do_something()
else:
do_something_else()
I personally hate to catch exceptions in order to check something. It looks and feels ugly. It's identical to checking if a string contains only digits that way:
s = "84984x"
try:
int(s)
do_something(s)
except ValueError:
do_something_else(s)
Instead of gently using s.isdigit(). Eww.
Very old question but it really needs a good answer. For even a short program, I'd say use a custom function!
Here's an example. It's not perfect for all application but it is for mine, for parsing responses from countless APIs and using Django. It's easy to fix for everyone's own requirements.
from django.core.exceptions import ObjectDoesNotExist
from functools import reduce
class MultipleObjectsReturned(Exception):
pass
def get_attr(obj, attr, default, asString=False, silent=True):
"""
Gets any attribute of obj.
Recursively get attributes by separating attribute names with the .-character.
Calls the last attribute if it's a function.
Usage: get_attr(obj, 'x.y.z', None)
"""
try:
attr = reduce(getattr, attr.split("."), obj)
if hasattr(attr, '__call__'):
attr = attr()
if attr is None:
return default
if isinstance(attr, list):
if len(attr) > 1:
logger.debug("Found multiple attributes: " + str(attr))
raise MultipleObjectsReturned("Expected a single attribute")
else:
return str(attr[0]) if asString else attr[0]
else:
return str(attr) if asString else attr
except AttributeError:
if not silent:
raise
return default
except ObjectDoesNotExist:
if not silent:
raise
return default
