Which of the ways is better for generating unique IDs for users? I am not developing a distributed system. So, is the use of UUID any helpful (future proofing?).
Also, How good is integer joins vs VARCHAR joins?
Or is a generation of 64 characters long UID(sha 256) better?
Finally, How good is storing username (unique) next to a message data posted by a user on the mysql table rather than the user id?
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Arion
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The MySQL Performance Blog has an article listing a few reasons why using UUIDs are bad.
I think it covers 1+3.
For 2, see this other StackOverflow question on the subject.
For 4, common knowledge is to normalize first, and de-normalize only if performance suffers.