The event dispatch thread, or EDT, is a special background thread which handles events from the Java GUI event queue. Swing and Android have different implementations but they are similar in concept.
This thread must never be stalled with some computationally intensive or otherwise slow task (like networking), as the GUI stops responding to user input until the call returns.
As Java GUI environments are not thread-safe, it is the only thread that can safely touch GUI components (instantiating and updating GUI components, including setting values for text fields and the like). If any other thread must do this, this should be done through a wrapper method that runs on the EDT. In Swing, the wrapper method is SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait or SwingUtilities.invokeLater. In Android, Activity.runOnUiThread serves the same purpose.