Luhn's Algorithm is a simple checksum formula used to generate the check digit in most credit card numbers.
The Luhn algorithm is well known with credit cards but is also used in various other applications like the IMEI for cell phones.
See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm
One of the exercises in the CS50 course (tag cs50 — also CS50 Stack Exchange) is implementing Luhn's Algorithm; the luhn tag will often show up with the cs50 tag.