In R, the "melt" function from the "reshape2" and "data.table" (and earlier, "reshape") packages converts data into a long form. Melt is also a web application framework written in PHP.
In data processing, reshaping data to a long form where each row represents only one observation of one variable is often called "melting" the data, similar to UNPIVOT in some relational databases such as sql-server.
In r, the function is part of the reshape2 and data.table packages (earlier, the "reshape" package).
This functionality is also found in similar data processing tools such as pandas.
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