Pre-allocation (or preallocation) refers to the allocation of resources that are not immediately necessary.
Pre-allocation (or preallocation) is the allocation of resources before they are strictly required, with the expectation that they will be necessary in the near future. The purpose is usually efficiency.
The term is used a lot in the MATLAB community, but occurs in many other contexts as well. In MATLAB, preallocation refers to the allocation of an array before a loop that will fill the array, as opposed to growing the array repeatedly within the loop.