rvmsudo is part of the Ruby Version Manager (rvm). It runs sudo, by default as the superuser, while preserving Ruby-relevant environment variables.
rvmsudo is installed as part of RVM. Sudo normally only preserves a small number of environment variables unless run with the -E option. rvmsudo preserves Ruby-relevant variables like GEM_PATH, RUBYLIB and rvm_path which affect the operation of Ruby, RubyGems and/or RVM itself.
That allows running Ruby scripts with superuser privileges under rvm without finding a way to pass all those environment variables manually.
Like sudo itself, rvmsudo should be used with great care to avoid security problems.