v4l2 (video for Linux 2) is a video capture interface for a variety of video capture devices tested to be fully compatible with Linux. v4l2 is commonly used by programs and frameworks such as Ekiga, gstreamer, Mplayer, Skype, and VLC media player.
A good place to start understanding the V4L2 framework is the following series of articles on lwn.net.
Part 1: The Video4Linux2 API
Part 2: registration and open()
Part 3: Basic ioctl() handling
Part 4: Inputs and Outputs
Part 5a: Colors and formats
Part 5b: Format negotiation
Part 6a: Basic frame I/O
Part 6b: Streaming I/O
Part 7: Controls