Windows Phone 8.1 is a major update to Microsoft's Windows Phone 8 operating system. It was announced at the Build Conference in April 2014.
Windows Phone 8.1 introduces new functionality compared with Windows Phone 8.0, in the form of two new API sets:
Windows Runtime (MSDN), all APIs with a phone icon on the documentation page is available on WP8.1. This applies to the "Universal App" project types. Many of these APIs are shared with Windows Store applications (aka. Metro or Modern applications), allowing you to have the same code-base for both Windows and Windows Phone applications. Consider using windows-runtime and/or win-universal-app for questions about Universal Applications, to distinct them from Silverlight 8.0/8.1 questions.
Silverlight (MSDN) applies to Silverlight 8.0 and Silverlight 8.1 APIs. There's no specific distinction on MSDN for 8.1 only APIs.
Improved bluetooth and security.
- New APIs for notifications.
MSDN also have a mixed list of the two above for What's New in Windows Phone 8.1 (MSDN), primarily targeting the Windows Runtime features.
Official developer resources are available at dev.windowsphone.com.