Alexander Zhurbin
Background information
Birth nameAlexander Borisovich Gandelsman (Александр Борисович Гандельсман)
Born (1945-08-07) 7 August 1945
OriginTashkent, Uzbekistan
GenresClassical, film music, Russian music
Occupation(s)Musician, arranger, film composer, producer
Instrument(s)Piano, vocal
Years active1950–present
LabelsAZ Records, Melodiya

Alexander Borisovich Zhurbin (Алекса́ндр Бори́сович Журби́н; born in Tashkent, Uzbekistan on 7 August 1945) is a Russian composer.[1]

Biography

Alexander Borisovich Zhurbin was born in Tashkent. In 1963, he graduated from Special Music School and in 1969, he graduated from Tashkent Conservatory and Gnessin Music College as a cellist and a composer respectively.[2][3][4][5] He subsequently undertook his postgraduate studies as a musicologist in Leningrad, where he completed his PhD dissertation (1973) on Gustav Mahler's Symphonies.

His first big success came in 1975, with his rock-opera Orpheus and Eurydice. This work was the first of its kind in the Soviet Union and achieved great popularity. It was performed more than two thousand times in a row, and more than two million copies of the record were sold. For this opera, Mr. Zhurbin won many international awards, including "Star of the Year", in Great Britain. After this, the musical was performed all over the Soviet Union with over 3,000 concurrent performances, and was entered into the Guinness Book of Records as the longest playing musical with the same cast.[6]

He has scored more than 50 feature movies, including Dead Man's Letters and Perestroika.[7]

His eight operas and three ballets were performed in leading Russian theaters (Leningrad National Opera, Moscow Chamber Opera).

All of his more than forty musicals are still playing in the former Soviet Union, and some of them have had more than 2,000 performances.

Since 1990, the composer and his family live in New York City. He served as a composer-in residence at the 92nd Street "Y" and a professor at Touro college. In 1992 he founded the Russian-American Theater "Wandering Stars", which became a major cultural force inside the Russian-speaking community, which produced nine large-scale theatrical productions, six of them with the music of Alexander Zhurbin.

His musical How It Was Done in Odessa, was a critical success at the Walnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia. It had an eight-week "sold-out" run with a very good reviews. (1991)

Among his compositions written in the USA are Cello Concerto, Violin Concerto, Symphony # 3 and 8, and an opera "Good Health, Your majesty", a cantata "A Part of Speech" with lyrics by Joseph Brodsky, as well as songs, jingles and commercials.

In 1996, he had a very successful "Evening of Zhurbin's Music" in Carnegie Hall (Weill Recital Hall) performed by Kristjan Järvi and the Absolute Ensemble. His latest theater works are musicals "Shalom, America" (after Sholom Asch), "Camera Obscura" (after Vladimir Nabokov), "Wandering Stars" (after Sholom Aleikhem).

Presently, he is predominantly living in New York, and traveling all over the world. He has written several major theatrical works: "Mousetrap" (musical after Agatha Christie), Humiliated and Insulted (opera after Dostoevsky) "The Seagull"– operetta after Anton Chekhov and many others. All of them were produced in Moscow, Saint-Petersburg and another cities. Also he scored the miniseries "Moscow Saga" based on the novel by Vasily Aksyonov.[8]

In 2015, there was an extended (2.5 month-long) festival of Zhurbin's works, which spanned almost every musical scene (opera, musical, symphony, rock, film), performances of his first four symphonies and including the premiere of his Fifth Symphony ("Speak, Memory!"), [9] as well as the premiere of Zhurbin's opera "Melkiy Bes"[10] (Petty Demon) based on Sologub.

A premiere of his new opera "Love's Metamorphosis" premiered May 2017 at the Moscow Musical Theater Nemirovich-Danchenko.[11]

In the 2020-2021 season, the festival "Serious and Light", commemorating the composer's 75th birthday, ran from September 2020 to February 2021. Many works were performed during the festival, including the premieres of operas "Anna K."[12] and "Happy Day",[13] the premiere of Zhurbin's Sixth Symphony ("Con Programma Letterale") and a number of vocal and chamber music works.[14]

Personal life

He is married to the poet, translator and writer Irina Ginzburg. His son, Lev Zhurbin, is a composer and performer, living in New York.[15]


List of Works

Symphonic and Chamber Works

  • Op. 1 – Quartet No. 1
  • Op. 2 – "Cactus" – a folk tale for low voice and piano, text by V. Sosnora
  • Op. 3 – Three Romances for medium voice & piano
  • Op. 4 – "Fall of 1942" for voice and piano, text by A. Faynberg
  • Op. 5 – Romance "Music" for high voice and piano, text by William Shakespeare.
  • Op. 6 – Suite for piano.
  • Op. 7 – Suite for flute, oboe, clarinet & bassoon.
  • Op. 8 – Sonatina for viola and piano
  • Op. 9 – Cantata "Russia, year 1111" for choir, soloists and orchestra, text by V. Sosnora
  • Op. 10 – Song Cycle "Seven Soldier Songs" for baritone and piano.
  • Op. 11 – Concertino for Oboe and String Orchestra
  • Op. 12 -- "Children's Games", suite for string orchestra.
  • Op. 13 – "In Memory of the Heroes", fantasy for large orchestra.
  • Op. 14 – "Chorale and Allegro" for bayan
  • Op. 15 – "Wooden Fair" – Romance for high voice, text by Rudolf Barinsky
  • Op. 16 – Song Cycle "A Poet's Love", based on poems of R. M. Rilke, translated by T. Silman
  • Op. 17 – "Improvisation and Toccata" for violin and piano
  • Op. 18 – Sonata for piano
  • Op. 19 – "Polyphonic Suite" for three flutes
  • Op. 20 – Quartet No. 2
  • Op. 21 – "Three Picasso Drawings"
  • Op. 22 – "Prelude, Gavotte and Scherzo" for bayan/accordion
  • Op. 23 – "Poeme" for French Horn and piano
  • Op. 24 – "Polyphonic Partita" for string Quartet
  • Op. 25 – "The Ratcatcher" Cantata, poems by M. Tsvetaeva
  • Op. 26 – Symphony No. 1 "Sinfonia Concertante" (four movements)
  • Op. 27 -- "Toccata" for bayan
  • Op. 28 – Sonata for Double Bass and Piano
  • Op. 29 – "Meeting with Lenin" – Symphonic-Choral Poem
  • Op. 30 – Three Sonatas for Bayan
  • Op. 31 – Symphony No. 2 "Sinfonia Giocosa"
  • Op. 32 – Concerto for Viola and Orchestra
  • Op. 33 – Songs for Children, texts by V. Suslov & M.Raykin
  • Op. 34 – Song Cycle "From German Folk Poetry"
  • Op. 35 – "The People's Earth" – oratorio
  • Op. 36 – "Winter Songs" – six duets for mezzo-soprano and baritone, texts by Russian poets
  • Op. 37 – "Fantasy and Fugue" for bayan
  • Op. 38 – "Two Friends" – Poem for Orchestra and Vocalists, texts by A. Tvardovsky and R. Gamzatov
  • Op. 39 – "Velimir" – four songs on poems by V. Khlebnikov
  • Op. 40 – "Five Poems by Konstantin Batyushkov" – for mezzo-soprano, flute, horn and harp.
  • Op. 41 – Concerto for Piano and Orchestra (3
  • Op. 42 – Sonata for Cello and Piano
  • Op. 43 – Piano Quintet
  • Op. 44 – "Mashkerad", for choir a capella, texts by A. Sumarokov
  • Op. 45 – "Marina" – seven songs, poems by M. Tsvetaeva
  • Op. 46 – "Dithyrambe" for cello and chamber ensemble
  • Op. 47 – "Three Muses" – suite for viola, double–bass and harpsichord
  • Op. 48 – Concerto for Cello and Orchestra
  • Op. 49 – Symphony No. 3 "Sinfonia Romantica"
  • Op. 50 – "Part of Speech" – Cantata for Choir, poems by J. Brodsky in English & Russian
  • Op. 51 – "Three Madrigals", poems by W. Shakespeare
  • Op. 52 – Concerto for Violin and Orchestra
  • Op. 53/1 "Musica Drammatica" for string orchestra.
  • Op. 54/20 – "Musica Piccola" for string orchestra
  • Op. 55/24 – "Musica polyphonica" for string orchestra
  • Op. 56 – "The Poet" – song cycle, poems by M. Tsvetaeva
  • Op. 57 – Symphony No. 4, "Sinfonia Tragica" / "City of The Plague" for soloists, mixed choir and large orchestra, in nine movements.
  • Op. 58 – Symphony No. 5 "Sinfonia bizzarra" ("Speak, Memory!") – for large orchestra and four soloists (violin, viola, cello and piano), in fifteen movements.
  • Op. 59 – "Love" – song cycle, poems by M. Tsvetaeva and O. Mandelshtam
  • Fine Fantasy For Fadolín Solo (2020)[16][17]
  • Symphony No. 6 "Sinfonia con programma letterale" (2020)[14]
  • Symphony No. 7 "Sinfonia semplice"
  • Three Muses for Fadolín Trio[18]
  • Symphony No. 8 "Patchwork Symphony"[19]


Compositions for Musical Theater

Thea-opus 1 – “Let’s play Prince and The Pauper!” – musical for children and adults based on the novel by Mark Twain (Libretto by L. Losev with Y. Mikhailov)[20]

Thea-opus 2 – “The Twins from Thebes” (“Someone named Heracles”) – Libretto by L. Losev with Y. Mikhailov)[21]

Thea-opus 3 – “Orpheus & Eurydice” – rock opera based on a play by Y. Dimitrin[22]

Thea-opus 4 – “Broken Mirror, or a New Pauper’s Opera” – opera based on themes of “Threepenny Opera” by B. Brecht. Libretto by V. Verbin [23]

Thea-opus 5 – “Three Brothers” – a Russian comedy based on folk tales. Libretto by V. Sinakevich, V. Skvirskiy, lyrics by V. Uflyand[24]

Thea-opus 6 – “A Cunning Girl in Love” – musical based on a play by Lope de Vega. Libretto by A. Zhurbin and M. Levshin[25]

Thea-opus 7 –– “The Moon and the Detective” – opera based on stories by V. Lipatov. Libretto by Y. Dimitrin[26]

Thea-opus 8 – “Zsuzsa from Budapest” – comedy based on a play by L. Zhukhovitsky, libretto by L. Zhukhovitsky and R. Rozhdestvensky, lyrics by R. Rozhdestvensky[27]

Thea-opus 9 – “Penelope” – musical based on a play by B. Ratser and V. Konstatnitov. Libretto by B. Ratser and V. Konstatnitov.[28]

Thea-opus 10 – “The Red Bird” – ballet for children. Libretto by M. Azov and V. Tixvinsky.

Thea-opus 11 – “Captain Fracas” (Le Captaine Fracasse)– musical based on a novel by T. Gautier, libretto by Y. Golyakov

Thea-opus 12 – “The Trap” – ballet based on “Threepenny Opera” by B. Brecht. Libretto by I. Gaft [29]

Thea-opus 13 – “Agent 00” – musical based on a play by G. Borovik, libretto by G. Borovik[30]

Thea-opus 14 – “Wedding in Old Age” – musical based on the play “Retro” by A. Galin, libretto by G. Fere

Thea-opus 15 – “The Frump” – musical based on a play by E. Braginsky and E. Ryazanov. Libretto by Y. Ryashentsev

Thea-opus 16 – “Impatience” – opera based on a novel by Y. Trifonov. Libretto by Y. Trifonov and O. Trifonov-Miroshnichenko[31]

Thea-opus 17 – “Spell out the sum in words” – musical based on stories by O’Henry – Libretto by G. Sapgir and L. Khait[32]

Thea-opus 18 – “The Marriage” – ballet based on the play by N. Gogol. Libretto by M. Bergtolz.[33]

Thea-opus 19 – “The Drayman and the King / Sunset”) – musical on the play by Isaac Babel. Libretto by A. Eppel.[34]

Thea-opus 20 – “Naples Story” – musical based on Lope De Vega’s “The Dog in the Manger”. Libretto by P. Gradov

Thea-opus 21 – “Fiorenza” – musical tragedy based on a novel by Thomas Mann. Libretto by P. Grushko[35]

Thea-opus 22 – “An Unknown Love of Napoleon” – musical based on the play “The Man of Destiny” by Bernard Shaw. Libretto by G. Fere

Thea-opus 23 – “The Glass of Water”—musical based on a play by Eugène Scribe. Libretto by B. Ratser and V. Konstantinov[36]

Thea-opus 24 – “Animal Farm” – musical based on a story by George Orwell, libretto by S. Task

Thea-opus 25 “Good Health to the Tsar!” – operetta for children based on Russian Fairy Tales. English Libretto by E. Rael

Thea-opus 26 – “The Nervous Splendor” – musical after a book by Frederic Morton. Libretto by B. Liss

Thea-opus 27 – “Shalom, America!” – musical based on the novel “Uncle Moses” by Sh. Ash. Libretto by B. Ratser[37]

Thea-opus 28 – “The Lips (Camera Obscura)” – musical based on the novel by V. Nabokov. Libretto by V. Mishin[38]

Thea-opus 29 – “Wandering Stars” – musical based on the novel by Sholom Aleichem. Libretto by B. Ratser[39]

Thea-opus 30. “The Farewell Concerto” – musical poem for theater – in memoriam V. Kozin, Libretto by M. Bartenyev and E. Isaeva[40]

Thea-opus 31 – “The Mouse Trap” – musical detective tale based on the play by Agatha Christie. Libretto by O. Ivanova and lyrics by L. Gulyakin[41]

Thea-opus 32 – “The Insulted and Humiliated” – musical based on a novel by F. Dostoyevsky. Libretto by V. Verbin[42]

Thea-opus 33 – “A New Teacher for Fools” – musical based on the play “Fools” by Neil Simon. Libretto by S. Task[43]

Thea-opus 34 -- “Eight Women” – musical detective story based on a play by Robert Thomas. Libretto by E. Isaeva[44]

Thea-opus 35 – “Learomania” – rock opera based on the play “King Lear” by Shakespeare. Libretto by V. Prokhanov[45]

Thea-opus 36 – “The Dybbuk” – musical based on a play by S. An-Sky. Libretto by V. Starchevsky[46]

Thea-opus 37 – “Doctor Zhivago” – musical based on the novel by B. Pasternak. Libretto by M. Bartenyev[47]

Thea-opus 38 – “A Purely Russian Murder” – musical detective tale based on a play by V. Krasnogorov. Libretto by V. Krasnogorov

Thea-opus 39 – “Dead Souls” – musical poem based on the poem by N. Gogol. Libretto by O. Ivanova and A. Butvilovsky, with A. Zhurbin Lyrics by S. Plotov[48]

Thea-opus 40 – “The Seagull” – musical based on a play by A. Chekhov. Libretto by V. Zhuk[49]

Thea-opus 41 -- “French Marriage” – Libretto by G. Spektor and G. Gelovani[50]

Thea-opus 42 – “Caesar and Cleopatra” – musical based on a play by Bernard Shaw. Libretto by Zh. Zherder with A. Zhurbin[51]

Thea-opus 43 – “Albert & Giselle” – Libretto by Y. Ryashentsev, G. Pollidi and A. Zhurbin. Lyrics by Y. Ryashentsev[52]

Thea-opus 44 – “The Waiting List (A Man and a Woman)” – Libretto by A. Mardan. Lyrics by A. Mardan and S. Plotov.[53]

Thea-opus 45 – “The Petty Demon” ¬– opera based on the novel by F. Sologub and a play by V. Semenovsky. Libretto by V. Semenovsky and A. Zhurbin[54]

Thea-opus 46 – “The Minor” – musical based on a play by D. Fonvizin. Libretto by L. Yakovlev[55]

Thea-opus 47 – “Anna K” – opera based on the novel “Anna Karenina” by L. Tolstoy. Libretto by A. Rodionova, S. Plotov and A. Zhurbin[56]

Thea-opus 48 – “The Nutcracker and The Mouse King” – musical on the fable by E.T.A. Hoffmann. Libretto by Zh. Zherder with A. Zhurbin[57]

Thea-opus 49 – “The Metamorphosis of Love”. Three one-act operas: “Faithfullness”, “Adultery” and “Erotica”. Libretto by A. Levshin and A. Zhurbin based on historical themes.[58]

Thea-opus 50 -- "Happy Day" Libretto by M. Marfin, based on Hans-Christian Andersen, premiered in Moscow in 2021 [59]

Thea-opus 51 -- "The Courtesan" Libretto by S. Plotov and V. Starchevsky [60]

Literary works

2021 -- "The Great Tenth"[61]

2020 -- "Backstage Secrets and other tales"[62]

2016 -- "Of Times, Of Music and of Myself"[63]

2014 -- "My History of Music, or a Musical Crossroads"[64]

2011 -- "My Musical Life"[65]

2007 -- "Sounds of Musical" (audiobook)[66]

2006 -- "Orpheus, Eurydice, and I"[67]

2005 -- "A Composer, writing words"[68][69]

2002 -- "AlexanderZhurbin.composer"[70]

1999 -- "How It Was Done In America -- Autobiographical Notes"[71]

References

  1. ↑ "Александр Журбин". peoples.ru.
  2. ↑ Композитор Александр Журбин: эскиз к автопортрету
  3. ↑ Актёрские судьбы
  4. ↑ Список выпускников Республиканской музыкальной школы-интерната имени В. А. Успенского 1963 года
  5. ↑ Краткая биографическая справка
  6. ↑ "Единственный в России — Театр «Рок-опера»". rock-opera.ru. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  7. ↑ "Aleksandr Zhurbin". IMDb. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  8. ↑ Авторская колонка Журбина в газете «Известия»
  9. ↑ "Большой юбилейный фестиваль композитора Александра Журбина "Всё к лучшему!"". www.muzcentrum.ru (in Russian). 21 October 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  10. ↑ ""Мелкий бес": безумства пороков от Александра Журбина | Belcanto.ru". www.belcanto.ru. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  11. ↑ "МАМТ представил мировую премьеру оперного триптиха "Метаморфозы любви"". Российская газета (in Russian). 8 June 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  12. ↑ "Состоялась мировая премьера оперы "Анна К." Александра Журбина". www.mk.ru (in Russian). 15 October 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  13. ↑ "Композитор Александр Журбин представил оперу "Счастливый день"". Российская газета (in Russian). 24 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  14. 1 2 "Маятник Журбина / Культура / Независимая газета". www.ng.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  15. ↑ «Музыкальные перекрёстки» на сайте радиостанции «Орфей»
  16. ↑ https://www.pianyc.net/event/evening-of-music-by-the-composer-alexander-zhurbin-with-lev-zhurbin-sharon-harms-steven-beck-at-bargemusic/
  17. ↑ https://ljova.bandcamp.com/track/alexander-zhurbin-fine-fantasy-for-fadolin
  18. ↑ https://www.carnegiehall.org/Calendar/2023/06/29/Carnegie-Hall-Citywide-Trio-Fadolin-0500PM
  19. ↑ https://www.bargemusic.org/concert/here-and-now-series-evening-of-music-by-the-composer-alexander-zhurbin-lev-zhurbin-sharon-harms-steven-beck/
  20. ↑ https://www.dobrosotsky.ru/news/korol-russkogo-myuzikla/
  21. ↑ https://tass.ru/encyclopedia/person/zhurbin-aleksandr-borisovich
  22. ↑ https://melody.su/catalog/classic/45127/
  23. ↑ https://music-museum.ru/about/news/k-yubileyu-kompozitora-aleksandra-zhurbina.html
  24. ↑ https://kmpztr.ru/books/aleksandr-zhurbin-o-vremenakh-o-muzyke-i-o-sebe/
  25. ↑ https://7days.ru/stars/bio/aleksandr-zhurbin/
  26. ↑ https://dzen.ru/a/XPVtkwUeWgCu-Hag
  27. ↑ https://tass.ru/encyclopedia/person/zhurbin-aleksandr-borisovich
  28. ↑ https://nash-teatr.com/performances/archives/208-penelopa.html
  29. ↑ http://musicals.ru/magazin/interview/zhurbin_interview
  30. ↑ https://tass.ru/encyclopedia/person/zhurbin-aleksandr-borisovich
  31. ↑ https://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/composer/ros/22062/bio/
  32. ↑ https://tass.ru/encyclopedia/person/zhurbin-aleksandr-borisovich
  33. ↑ https://tass.ru/encyclopedia/person/zhurbin-aleksandr-borisovich
  34. ↑ https://musicaltheatre.by/bindyuzhnik-i-korol
  35. ↑ https://tass.ru/encyclopedia/person/zhurbin-aleksandr-borisovich
  36. ↑ https://vakhtangov.ru/show/stakanvody/
  37. ↑ https://tm-courier.ru/1996/12/03/shalom-teatr/
  38. ↑ http://www.teatr.ru/th/perf-info.asp?perf=7513
  39. ↑ http://www.teatr.ru/th/perf-info.asp?perf=8335
  40. ↑ http://www.alexanderzhurbin.ru/content/articles/detail.php?ID=74
  41. ↑ https://rg.ru/2022/11/05/reg-szfo/v-peterburge-postavili-miuzikl-aleksandra-zhurbina-myshelovka.html
  42. ↑ http://operettak26.ru/index.php/sortable-layout/20-logo/445-unizhennye-i-oskorbljonnye
  43. ↑ https://teatr-chita.ru/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=869:onlajn-translyatsiya-spektaklya-novyj-uchitel-dlya-durakov&Itemid=144
  44. ↑ https://muzkom.ru/spektakli/arkhivnyy/vosem-lyubyashchikh-zhenshchin/
  45. ↑ http://www.smotr.ru/2005/2005_luna_liromania.htm
  46. ↑ https://xn--80aeeqaabljrdbg6a3ahhcl4ay9hsa.xn--p1ai/public/application/item?id=18ca1de6-8e53-475c-b0e0-9b79402ab8db
  47. ↑ https://www.culture.ru/live/movies/980/doktor-zhivago
  48. ↑ https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2010/04/16/3785-chichikov-zapel-po-novomu
  49. ↑ https://www.culture.ru/live/movies/1004/chaika-nastoyashaya-operetka
  50. ↑ https://www.ivmuz.ru/performances/brak-po-frantsuzki/
  51. ↑ http://www.teatr.ru/th/perf-info.asp?perf=23502
  52. ↑ https://www.belcanto.ru/12092602.html
  53. ↑ https://kmpztr.ru/authors/books/zhurbin-aleksandr/
  54. ↑ https://www.belcanto.ru/15062701.html
  55. ↑ https://www.muzklondike.ru/afisha/2131
  56. ↑ https://musicseasons.org/aleksandr-borisovich-zhurbin-opera-anna-k/
  57. ↑ https://www.culture.ru/live/movies/46328/shelkunchik-i-myshinyi-korol
  58. ↑ https://www.classicalmusicnews.ru/reports/metamorfozy-lubvi-mamt/
  59. ↑ https://rg.ru/2020/11/24/kompozitor-aleksandr-zhurbin-predstavil-operu-schastlivyj-den.html
  60. ↑ https://mosoperetta.moscow/spektakli/kurtizanka
  61. ↑ https://7i.7iskusstv.com/kiosk/kiosk_avt/
  62. ↑ https://www.sima-land.ru/5507293/zakulisnye-tayny-i-drugie-istorii-zhurbin-a/
  63. ↑ https://kmpztr.ru/books/aleksandr-zhurbin-o-vremenakh-o-muzyke-i-o-sebe/
  64. ↑ https://www.labirint.ru/books/462581/
  65. ↑ https://www.labirint.ru/books/268953/
  66. ↑ https://www.labirint.ru/multimedia/215782/
  67. ↑ https://www.labirint.ru/books/127015/
  68. ↑ https://www.calameo.com/books/0060176953c1d80e945b9
  69. ↑ https://books.google.com/books/about/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB.html?id=cTkUAQAAIAAJ
  70. ↑ https://books.google.com/books/about/a%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80zhurbin_com%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE.html?id=L8WfAAAAMAAJ
  71. ↑ https://books.google.com/books/about/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5.html?id=DkIUAQAAIAAJ
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.