List of HVDC projects

This is a list of notable high-voltage direct-current power transmission projects.

HVDC projects for long-distance transmission have two (or rarely, more) converter stations and a transmission line interconnecting them. Generally overhead lines are used for interconnection, but an important class of HVDC projects use submarine power cables. A back-to-back station has no transmission line and joins two separate AC grids at a single point. Historical HVDC systems used the Thury system of motor-generators but these have all been made obsolete by later developments such as mercury-arc valves (now also obsolete), thyristors, and IGBT power transistors.

Legend

Converter technology:

Thury = Series-connected generators as designed by René Thury
Merc = Mercury-arc valve rectifier and inverter
Thyr = Thyristor rectifier and inverter
IGBT = Insulated gate bipolar transistor

Line status:

Existing

Under construction

Planned

Decommissioned

Africa

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Cahora Bassa	Mozambique - Songo 15°36′41″S 32°44′59″E / 15.61139°S 32.74972°E / -15.61139; 32.74972	South Africa - Apollo 25°55′11″S 28°16′34″E / 25.91972°S 28.27611°E / -25.91972; 28.27611	1420 (0/1420)	533	1920	1979	Thyr	First HVDC with Project up to 500kV Siemens and ABB refurb 2013-2014	^[1]^[2]^[3]
Inga-Shaba	Democratic Republic of the Congo - Kolwezi 10°39′27″S 25°27′08″E / 10.65750°S 25.45222°E / -10.65750; 25.45222	Democratic Republic of the Congo - Inga 05°31′27″S 13°36′39″E / 5.52417°S 13.61083°E / -5.52417; 13.61083	1700 (0/1700)	500	560	1982	Thyr	Upgraded in 2014 Supplier: ABB, General Electric	^[1]^[4]^[5]^[6]
Caprivi Link	Namibia - Gerus 20°18′53″S 16°27′9″E / 20.31472°S 16.45250°E / -20.31472; 16.45250	Namibia - Zambezi 17°30′6″S 24°13′20″E / 17.50167°S 24.22222°E / -17.50167; 24.22222	950 (0/950)	350	300	2010	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[1]^[7]
Ethiopia–Kenya HVDC Interconnector	Ethiopia - Wolayta 6°54′27″N 37°43′19″E / 6.90750°N 37.72194°E / 6.90750; 37.72194	Kenya - Suswa 1°03′44″S 36°21′35″E / 1.06222°S 36.35972°E / -1.06222; 36.35972	1045 (0/1045)	500	2000	On going (2022)	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens
Xlinks Morocco-UK Power Project	Morocco - Guelmim-Oued Noun region	UK - Alverdiscott, Devon	3800		3600	Proposed (2022)		Supplier: Xlinks	^[8] ^[9]

Australia and Oceania

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
HVDC Inter-Island 1	New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E / 44.56528°S 170.19000°E / -44.56528; 170.19000	New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E / 41.15028°S 174.98111°E / -41.15028; 174.98111	611 (40/571)	270	600	1965	Merc	Built as 250 kV 600 MW link Paralleled to operate at 270 kV as positive pole with HVDC Inter-Island 2 in 1992. Partially decommissioned in 2007, fully decommissioned in August 2012. Supplier: ABB	^[1]
HVDC Inter-Island 2	New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E / 44.56528°S 170.19000°E / -44.56528; 170.19000	New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E / 41.15028°S 174.98111°E / -41.15028; 174.98111	611 (40/571)	350	700	1992	Thyr	Negative pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 3 (previously HVDC Inter-Island 1) Restricted to 500 MW due to cable rating. Supplier: ABB	^[1]
Terranora interconnector (Directlink)	Australia - Mullumbimby 28°34′15″S 153°27′8″E / 28.57083°S 153.45222°E / -28.57083; 153.45222	Australia - Bungalora 28°15′20″S 153°28′20″E / 28.25556°S 153.47222°E / -28.25556; 153.47222	59 (59/0)	80	180	2000	IGBT	Land cable Supplier: ABB	^[1]
Murraylink	Australia - Red Cliffs 34°17′31″S 142°14′19″E / 34.29194°S 142.23861°E / -34.29194; 142.23861 (Red Cliffs Static Inverter Plant)	Australia - Berri 34°14′17″S 140°36′01″E / 34.23806°S 140.60028°E / -34.23806; 140.60028 (Berri Static Inverter Plant)	176 (176/0)	150	200	2002	IGBT	Underground XLPE cable Supplier: ABB	^[1]
Basslink	Australia - Loy Yang 38°15′45″S 146°36′29″E / 38.26250°S 146.60806°E / -38.26250; 146.60806	Australia - George Town 41°6′53″S 146°53′31″E / 41.11472°S 146.89194°E / -41.11472; 146.89194	370 (298/72)	400	500	2006	Thyr	One of the longest HVDC cable in operation Supplier: Siemens	^[1]^[10]^[11]
HVDC Inter-Island 3	New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E / 44.56528°S 170.19000°E / -44.56528; 170.19000	New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E / 41.15028°S 174.98111°E / -41.15028; 174.98111	611 (40/571)	350	735	2013	Thyr	Positive pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 2 Supplier: Siemens	^[12]
Australia–ASEAN Power Link	Australia - Darwin	Singapore	4200 undersea 800 overland			2027		aka Sun Cable
Marinus link	Australia - Burnie	Australia - Latrobe Valley	Approximately 340 (90/250)		750 + 750	late 2020s			^[13]

Asia

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Hokkaido - Honshu	Japan - Hakodate 41°55′55″N 140°39′47″E / 41.93194°N 140.66306°E / 41.93194; 140.66306	Japan - Kamikita 40°48′06″N 141°11′52″E / 40.80167°N 141.19778°E / 40.80167; 141.19778	193 (44/149)	250	300	1979	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, Hitachi, Toshiba	^[1]
Zhou Shan	China - Ningbo 29°55′25″N 121°46′51″E / 29.92361°N 121.78083°E / 29.92361; 121.78083	China - Gao Tongge 30°02′13″N 122°04′03″E / 30.03694°N 122.06750°E / 30.03694; 122.06750	54 (12/42)	100	50	1982	Thyr		^[1]
Gezhouba - Shanghai	China - Gezhouba Dam 30°43′44″N 111°14′39″E / 30.72889°N 111.24417°E / 30.72889; 111.24417	China - Nan Qiao 30°57′22″N 121°24′48″E / 30.95611°N 121.41333°E / 30.95611; 121.41333	1046 (0/1046)	500	1200	1989	Thyr	Power line shares pylons of HVDC Hubei - Shanghai in most part of its track Supplier: ABB, Siemens HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric	^[14]
Sileru-Barsoor	India - Sileru 17°52′01″N 81°39′21″E / 17.86694°N 81.65583°E / 17.86694; 81.65583	India - Barsoor 19°8′20″N 81°23′47″E / 19.13889°N 81.39639°E / 19.13889; 81.39639	196 (0/196)	200	100	1989	Thyr	Supplier: BHEL	^[1]
Ekibastuz–Tambov	Kazakhstan - Ekibastuz 51°48′57″N 75°18′58″E / 51.81583°N 75.31611°E / 51.81583; 75.31611	Russia - Tambov 52°46′25″N 41°19′17″E / 52.77361°N 41.32139°E / 52.77361; 41.32139	2414 (0/2414)	750	6000	-	Thyr	Construction sites abandoned around 1990 owing to collapse of Soviet Union, line was never completed
Rihand-Delhi	India - Rihand 24°01′13″N 82°47′21″E / 24.02028°N 82.78917°E / 24.02028; 82.78917	India - Dadri 28°35′36″N 77°36′16″E / 28.59333°N 77.60444°E / 28.59333; 77.60444	814 (0/814)	500	1500	1990	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, BHEL	^[15]
Haenam-Cheju	South Korea - Haenam 34°22′03″N 126°35′34″E / 34.36750°N 126.59278°E / 34.36750; 126.59278	South Korea - Jeju 33°32′06″N 126°35′44″E / 33.53500°N 126.59556°E / 33.53500; 126.59556	101 (101/0)	180	300	1996	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom	^[1]
Leyte - Luzon	Philippines - Ormoc, Leyte 11°5′19″N 124°38′21″E / 11.08861°N 124.63917°E / 11.08861; 124.63917	Philippines - Naga, Camarines Sur 13°36′40″N 123°14′19″E / 13.61111°N 123.23861°E / 13.61111; 123.23861	451 (21/430)	350	440	1998	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, Marubeni HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric	^[1]
Chandrapur-Padghe	India - Chandrapur 20°0′36″N 79°17′06″E / 20.01000°N 79.28500°E / 20.01000; 79.28500	India - Padghe 19°21′26″N 73°11′18″E / 19.35722°N 73.18833°E / 19.35722; 73.18833	752 (0/752)	500	1500	1999	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[16]
Kii Channel	Japan - Anan 33°49′40″N 134°38′14″E / 33.82778°N 134.63722°E / 33.82778; 134.63722	Japan - Kihoku 34°12′50″N 135°30′07″E / 34.21389°N 135.50194°E / 34.21389; 135.50194	100 (50/50)	250	1400	2000	Thyr	Supplier: Hitachi, Toshiba, Mitsubishi	^[1]
Tian-Guang	China - Tianshengqiao 24°54′56″N 105°05′47″E / 24.91556°N 105.09639°E / 24.91556; 105.09639	China - Beijiao 23°18′58″N 113°15′05″E / 23.31611°N 113.25139°E / 23.31611; 113.25139	960 (0/960)	500	1800	2001	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric	^[1]
Thailand-Malaysia	Thailand - Khlong Ngae 6°42′56″N 100°27′8″E / 6.71556°N 100.45222°E / 6.71556; 100.45222	Malaysia - Gurun 5°48′45″N 100°32′6″E / 5.81250°N 100.53500°E / 5.81250; 100.53500	110 (0/110)	300	300	2001	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[1]
Shengsi	China - Shengsi 30°42′06″N 122°26′22″E / 30.70167°N 122.43944°E / 30.70167; 122.43944	China - Anabasis Sizu 30°51′56″N 121°50′25″E / 30.86556°N 121.84028°E / 30.86556; 121.84028	66.2 (63.21/2.99)	50	60	2002	Thyr	^[17]
Talcher-Kolar	India - Talcher, Odisha 21°06′01″N 85°03′49″E / 21.10028°N 85.06361°E / 21.10028; 85.06361	India - Kolar, Karnataka 13°10′39″N 78°7′0″E / 13.17750°N 78.11667°E / 13.17750; 78.11667	1450 (0/1450)	500	2500	2003	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[1]
Three Gorges - Changzhou	China - Longquan 30°47′6″N 111°31′48″E / 30.78500°N 111.53000°E / 30.78500; 111.53000	China - Zhengping 31°36′42″N 119°59′27″E / 31.61167°N 119.99083°E / 31.61167; 119.99083	890 (0/890)	500	3000	2003	Thyr	From north bank of Three Gorges to Zhengping, 200 km from Shanghai in the East grid Supplier: ABB, Siemens. Sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Hubei-Shanghai	^[1]^[18]^[19]
Guizhou - Guangdong I	China - Anshun, Guizhou 26°16′23″N 105°48′21″E / 26.27306°N 105.80583°E / 26.27306; 105.80583	China - Zhaoqing, Guangdong 22°54′57″N 112°29′11″E / 22.91583°N 112.48639°E / 22.91583; 112.48639	980 (0/980)	500	3000	2004	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[1]
Three Gorges - Guangdong	China - Jingzhou 30°27′26″N 112°08′18″E / 30.45722°N 112.13833°E / 30.45722; 112.13833	China - Huizhou 23°16′15″N 114°12′5″E / 23.27083°N 114.20139°E / 23.27083; 114.20139	940 (0/940)	500	3000	2004	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[1]^[20]
Three Gorges - Shanghai	China - Yidu 30°31′45″N 111°22′35″E / 30.52917°N 111.37639°E / 30.52917; 111.37639	China - Shanghai 31°14′13″N 121°11′13″E / 31.23694°N 121.18694°E / 31.23694; 121.18694	1060 (0/1060)	500	3000	2006	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[1]^[21]
Guizhou - Guangdong II	China - Xingren 25°27′56″N 105°15′14″E / 25.46556°N 105.25389°E / 25.46556; 105.25389	China - Shenzhen 22°45′1″N 113°59′28″E / 22.75028°N 113.99111°E / 22.75028; 113.99111	1200 (0/1200)	500	3000	2007	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Yunnan - Guangdong	^[1]
Ballia - Bhiwadi	India - Ballia 26°04′16″N 83°42′48″E / 26.07111°N 83.71333°E / 26.07111; 83.71333	India - Bhiwadi 28°11′0″N 76°48′58″E / 28.18333°N 76.81611°E / 28.18333; 76.81611	800 (0/800)	500	2500	2010	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[1]
Baoji - Deyang	China - Baoji 34°34′47″N 107°19′49″E / 34.57972°N 107.33028°E / 34.57972; 107.33028	China - Denyang 31°19′22″N 104°34′51″E / 31.32278°N 104.58083°E / 31.32278; 104.58083	574 (0/574)	500	3000	2010	Thyr		???
Hulunbeir - Liaoning	China - Hulunbeir 48°31′04″N 119°43′30″E / 48.51778°N 119.72500°E / 48.51778; 119.72500	China - Shenyang 41°07′25″N 122°46′44″E / 41.12361°N 122.77889°E / 41.12361; 122.77889	920 (0/920)	500	3000	2010	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[1]^[22]
Xiangjiaba-Shanghai	China - Fulong 28°32′47″N 104°25′04″E / 28.54639°N 104.41778°E / 28.54639; 104.41778	China - Fengxia 30°55′32″N 121°46′16″E / 30.92556°N 121.77111°E / 30.92556; 121.77111	1980 (0/1980)	800	6400	2010	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[1]^[23]
Yunnan - Guangdong	China - Yunnan province 25°11′24″N 102°11′30″E / 25.19000°N 102.19167°E / 25.19000; 102.19167	China - Zengcheng 23°15′19″N 113°40′44″E / 23.25528°N 113.67889°E / 23.25528; 113.67889	1418 (0/1418)	800	5000	2010	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Guizhou - Guangdong II highlight: worldwide first dc 800kv hvdc application	^[1]
Hubei - Shanghai	China - Jingmen 30°49′21″N 112°07′15″E / 30.82250°N 112.12083°E / 30.82250; 112.12083	China - Fenjing 30°52′00″N 121°00′58″E / 30.86667°N 121.01611°E / 30.86667; 121.01611	970 (0/970)	500	3000	2011	Thyr	Power line shares pylons of HVDC Gezhouba - Shanghai in most part of its track, sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Shanghai-Changzhou	???
Nanhui Wind Farm Integration	China	China	8.4 (8.4/0)	30	18	2011	IGBT	Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd	^[24]
Ningdong - Shandong	China - Yinchuan 38°06′56″N 106°30′55″E / 38.11556°N 106.51528°E / 38.11556; 106.51528	China - Qingdao 36°18′41″N 119°52′53″E / 36.31139°N 119.88139°E / 36.31139; 119.88139	1335 (0/1335)	660	4000	2011	Thyr	Supplier:Alstom; C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd	^[1]
Qinghai - Tibet	China - Geermu 36°21′20″N 95°11′05″E / 36.35556°N 95.18472°E / 36.35556; 95.18472	China - Lhasa 29°52′39″N 91°11′44″E / 29.87750°N 91.19556°E / 29.87750; 91.19556	1038 (0/1038)	400	1500	2011	Thyr	Powerline reaches altitudes up to 5300 m above sea level Supplier: CET, SGCC	^[1]
Mundra - Haryana	India - Mundra 22°49′46″N 69°33′22″E / 22.82944°N 69.55611°E / 22.82944; 69.55611	India - Mohindergarh 28°21′40″N 76°12′56″E / 28.36111°N 76.21556°E / 28.36111; 76.21556	960 (0/960)	500	2500	2012	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[1]
Dalian City Infeed	China - Dalian North	China - Dalian South	43 (43/0)	320	1000	2013	IGBT		^[25]
Jinping - Sunan	China - Jinping 27°50′11″N 102°08′30″E / 27.83639°N 102.14167°E / 27.83639; 102.14167	China - Suzhou 31°03′44″N 120°37′20″E / 31.06222°N 120.62222°E / 31.06222; 120.62222	2090 (0/2090)	800	7200	2013	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd ACC Provided by NR Electric in Jinping Converter Station	^[26]
Nanao Multi-terminal VSC HVDC	China - Sucheng 23°26′40″N 116°48′50″E / 23.44444°N 116.81389°E / 23.44444; 116.81389	China - Jinniu 23°26′14″N 117°01′36″E / 23.43722°N 117.02667°E / 23.43722; 117.02667; China - Qingao 23°25′46″N 117°07′45″E / 23.42944°N 117.12917°E / 23.42944; 117.12917	32 (10/32)	±160	200/100/50	2013	IEGT/IGBT	SEPRI (Electric Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid) is technically responsible for the entire project. Multiple suppliers are involved: three different VSC HVDC valve suppliers, two different HVDC land/sea cable suppliers and three different control & protection system/equipment suppliers.	^[27]^[28]
Nuozhadu - Guangdong	China - Nuozhadu 22°39′20″N 100°40′00″E / 22.65556°N 100.66667°E / 22.65556; 100.66667	China - Jiangmen 22°42′33″N 112°52′12″E / 22.70917°N 112.87000°E / 22.70917; 112.87000	1413	800	6400	2013	Thyr		???
Xiluodo - Guangdong	China - Zhaotong 28°07′21″N 104°22′27″E / 28.12250°N 104.37417°E / 28.12250; 104.37417	China - Conghua 23°34′00″N 113°27′03″E / 23.56667°N 113.45083°E / 23.56667; 113.45083	1286 (0/1286)	500	6400	2013	Thyr		???
Hami - Zhengzhou	China-Hami 42°35′20″N 93°27′46″E / 42.58889°N 93.46278°E / 42.58889; 93.46278 (HVDC Hami Static Inverter Plant)	China-Zhengzhou 34°48′46″N 114°03′24″E / 34.81278°N 114.05667°E / 34.81278; 114.05667	2210	800	8000	2014	Thyr	Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric	^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]
Jindo - Jeju	South Korea - Jindo 34°23′08″N 126°11′14″E / 34.38556°N 126.18722°E / 34.38556; 126.18722	South Korea - Jeju 33°27′17″N 126°28′25″E / 33.45472°N 126.47361°E / 33.45472; 126.47361	105 (105/0)	250	400	2014	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom (converter stations), LS Cable and System (cables).	^[1]^[35]^[36]
Xiluodo - West Zhejiang	China - Xiluodu 28°27′37″N 104°20′20″E / 28.46028°N 104.33889°E / 28.46028; 104.33889	China - Jinghua 28°53′46″N 119°43′00″E / 28.89611°N 119.71667°E / 28.89611; 119.71667 (HVDC Wuyi Static Inverter Plant)	1680	800	8000	2014	Thyr	Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd	???
Zhoushan Multi-terminal DC Interconnection	China - Zhoushan 30°09′07″N 121°59′29″E / 30.15194°N 121.99139°E / 30.15194; 121.99139	China - Qushan 30°25′26″N 122°16′48″E / 30.42389°N 122.28000°E / 30.42389; 122.28000 ; China - Daishan 30°19′37″N 122°11′35″E / 30.32694°N 122.19306°E / 30.32694; 122.19306 ; China - Yangshan 30°36′26″N 122°07′40″E / 30.60722°N 122.12778°E / 30.60722; 122.12778 ; China - Sijiao 30°41′45″N 122°25′50″E / 30.69583°N 122.43056°E / 30.69583; 122.43056	134 (134/0)	±200	400	2014	IGBT	Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric	^[37]
Humeng - Shandong	China	China		800	6400	2015	Thyr		???
Irkutsk - Beijing	Russia - Irkutsk	China - Beijing		800	6400	2015	Thyr		???
Champa-Kurukshetra	India - Champa	India - Kurukshetra	1365 (0/1365)	800	2 x 3000	2016	Thyr	2 Bipoles. Supplier: Alstom	^[38]
Goupitan - Guangdong	China	China			3000	2016	Thyr		???
Jinsha River II - East China	China	China		800	6400	2016	Thyr		???
North-East	India - Agra 27°05′01″N 78°04′22″E / 27.08361°N 78.07278°E / 27.08361; 78.07278	India - Biswanath 26°44′23″N 93°13′09″E / 26.73972°N 93.21917°E / 26.73972; 93.21917	1728 (0/1728)	800	6000	2016	Thyr	Will supply electricity to serve 90 million people Bipole Ultra high voltage, multiterminal (intermediate converter station at Alipurdauar 26°29′23″N 89°27′41″E / 26.48972°N 89.46139°E / 26.48972; 89.46139 (HVDC Biswanath-Agra)) Supplier: ABB	^[39]
New HVDC Hokkaido-Honshu	Japan - Imabetsu 41°08′01″N 140°30′46″E / 41.13361°N 140.51278°E / 41.13361; 140.51278	Japan - Hokuto 41°54′57″N 140°35′07″E / 41.91583°N 140.58528°E / 41.91583; 140.58528	122 (24/98)	250	300	2019	IGBT	suppliers: Toshiba	^[40]^[41]
Matiari to Lahore Transmission Line Project	Pakistan - Matiari, Sindh	Pakistan - Lahore, Punjab	878	660	4000	2021	Thyr	±660 kV Bipole HVDC with Converter/ Grounding Electrode Stations	^[42]
Inner Mongolia - Linyi	China - Shizhustan 38°46′40″N 106°52′00″E / 38.77778°N 106.86667°E / 38.77778; 106.86667	China - Linyi 35°33′07″N 118°37′07″E / 35.55194°N 118.61861°E / 35.55194; 118.61861 (HVDC Linyi Static Inverter Plant)		800	6400	2017	Thyr		???
Jiuquan- Xiangtan	China - Qiaowan 40°36′03″N 96°43′22″E / 40.60083°N 96.72278°E / 40.60083; 96.72278	China - Xiangtan 27°38′55″N 112°47′25″E / 27.64861°N 112.79028°E / 27.64861; 112.79028		800	6400	2017	Thyr	Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric	???
North Shanxi - Nanjing	China - North Shanxi 39°39′35″N 112°27′45″E / 39.65972°N 112.46250°E / 39.65972; 112.46250	China - Nanjing 32°54′47″N 118°35′33″E / 32.91306°N 118.59250°E / 32.91306; 118.59250				2017	Thyr		???
Northwest Yunnan - Guangdong	China - Xinsong 26°24′55″N 99°49′12″E / 26.41528°N 99.82000°E / 26.41528; 99.82000	China - Dongfang 22°44′17″N 113°52′07″E / 22.73806°N 113.86861°E / 22.73806; 113.86861	1953	800	5000	2018	Thyr		???
Xilin Hot - Taizhou	China - Xilin Hot 44°14′40″N 116°30′22″E / 44.24444°N 116.50611°E / 44.24444; 116.50611	China - Taizhou 33°07′25″N 119°58′05″E / 33.12361°N 119.96806°E / 33.12361; 119.96806		800	10000	2017	Thyr		???
Yinchuan - Zhuji	China - Yinchuan 37°43′45″N 106°32′22″E / 37.72917°N 106.53944°E / 37.72917; 106.53944	China - Zhuji 29°56′25″N 120°13′12″E / 29.94028°N 120.22000°E / 29.94028; 120.22000 (HVDC Zhuji Static Inverter Plant)		800	6400	2017	Thyr	HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric	???
Dianxibei - Guangdong	China-Lijiang	China-Zhengzhen	1928/0	800	5000	2017	Thyr	Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd	???
Jinsha River II - Fujian	China	China		800	6400	2018	Thyr		???
Humeng - Liaoning	China	China		800	6400	2018	Thyr		???
Rudong Offshore Wind Connector	China - Jiangsu Rudong	China - Jiangsu Rudong Platform	100 (100/0)	400	1100	2022	IGBT	Suppliers: XJ and RXHK for valve, ZTT Cable
Sheyang Offshore Wind Connector	China - Jiangsu Sheyang	China - Jiangsu Sheyang Platform	83 (83/0)	250	1100	2022	IGBT
Zhangbei DC Grid Project	China - Beijing	China - Zhangbei China - Fengning China - Kangbao	495 (0/495)	500	3000/3000/1500/1500	2021	IGBT	Four terminal DC Grid Suppliers: NR Electric, others	^[43]
Wudongde multi-terminal UHVDC demonstration project	China - Yunnan	China - Guangxi China - Guangdong	1489 (0/1489)	800	8000/3000/5000	2021	Thyr/IGBT	Three terminal Hybrid DC system, Yunnan (Thyristor), Guangdong and Guangxi (IGBT)
Raigarh-Pugalur	India - Raigarh 21°51′21″N 83°21′01″E / 21.85583°N 83.35028°E / 21.85583; 83.35028	India - Pugalur 10°49′33″N 77°32′13″E / 10.82583°N 77.53694°E / 10.82583; 77.53694	1830	800	6000	2019	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[44]
CASA-1000	Tajikistan - Sangtuda	Pakistan - Nowshera	750	500	1300	2025	Thyr	±500 kV Bipole HVDC with Converter Stations	^[45]^[46]
India–Sri Lanka HVDC Interconnection	Madurai - India	Anurathapura - Sri Lanka	285	±320	500/1000	2030	IGBT		^[47]^[48]

Europe

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Malta–Sicily interconnector	Malta	Italy - Ragusa, Sicily	95	220	200	2015		Damaged and repaired in 2019 and again in 2022^[49]
Miesbach-Munich Power Transmission	Germany - Miesbach	Germany - Munich	58 (0/58)	2	0.0025	1882	Single machine	Demonstration facility Dismantled
Gorzente River - Genoa DC transmission scheme	Italy - Gorzente River	Italy - Genoa	?	6	?	1889	Thury	Upgraded later to a voltage of 14 kV, power of 2.5 MW and a length of 120 km Dismantled
La Chaux-de-Fonds DC transmission scheme	Switzerland - ?	Switzerland - ?	?	14	?	1897	Thury	Dismantled
St. Maurice - Lausanne DC transmission scheme	Switzerland - St. Maurice	Switzerland - Lausanne	?	22	3.7	1899	Thury	Dismantled
Lyon-Moutiers DC transmission scheme	France - Lyon	France - Moutiers	200 (10/190)	75	30	1906	Thury	Dismantled in 1936
Wilesden-Ironbridge DC transmission scheme	UK - Wilesden	UK - Ironbridge	?	100	?	1910	Thury	Dismantled
Chambéry DC transmission scheme	France - ?	France - ?	?	150	?	1925	Thury	Dismantled in 1937
HVDC Zurich-Wettingen	Switzerland - Wettingen 47°27′25″N 8°19′15″E / 47.45694°N 8.32083°E / 47.45694; 8.32083	Switzerland - Zurich	20 (0/20)	50	0.5	1939	Merc	Experimental facility built by BBC Dismantled
HVDC Charlottenburg-Moabit	Germany - Berlin-Moabit	Germany - Berlin-Charlottenburg	4.6 (0/4.6)	100	14	1942	Merc	Experimental facility built by Siemens Dismantled in 1945
Lehrte-Misburg HVDC	Germany - Lehrte 52°22′54″N 9°55′03″E / 52.38167°N 9.91750°E / 52.38167; 9.91750	Germany - Hannover/Misburg	?	80	16	1944	Merc	Experimental facility Dismantled
Elbe-Project	Germany - Vockerode 51°50′40″N 12°21′50″E / 51.84444°N 12.36389°E / 51.84444; 12.36389	Germany - Berlin, Marienfelde 52°25′49″N 13°22′42″E / 52.43028°N 13.37833°E / 52.43028; 13.37833	115 (115/0)	200	60	1945	Merc	Never placed in service Dismantled
HVDC Trollhättan-Mellerud	Sweden - Trollhättan	Sweden - Mellerud	50 (0/50)	45	6.5	1946	Merc	Experimental facility built by ASEA Dismantled
Moscow–Kashira	Russia - Moscow 55°39′32″N 37°38′16″E / 55.65889°N 37.63778°E / 55.65889; 37.63778	Russia - Kashira	100 (100/0)	200	30	1951	Merc	Built of parts of HVDC Elbe-Project Shut down	^[1]
Gotland 1	Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E / 57.72806; 16.64750	Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E / 57.58694; 18.19556	98 (98/0)	200	20	1954	Merc	World's first commercial HVDC link. Expanded by ABB in 1970, decommissioned in 1986	^[1]^[50]
Cross-Channel	France - Echingen 50°41′48″N 1°38′21″E / 50.69667°N 1.63917°E / 50.69667; 1.63917	UK - Lydd 50°54′54″N 0°56′50″E / 50.91500°N 0.94722°E / 50.91500; 0.94722	64 (64/0)	100	160	1961	Merc	Shut down in 1984	^[1]
Volgograd-Donbass	Russia - Volzhskaya 48°49′34″N 44°40′20″E / 48.82611°N 44.67222°E / 48.82611; 44.67222	Ukraine - Mikhailovskaya 48°39′13″N 38°33′56″E / 48.65361°N 38.56556°E / 48.65361; 38.56556	475 (0/475)	400	750	1965	Merc/Thyr	Shut down in 2014	^[1]
Konti-Skan 1	Denmark - Vester Hassing 57°3′46″N 10°5′24″E / 57.06278°N 10.09000°E / 57.06278; 10.09000	Sweden - Stenkullen 57°48′15″N 12°19′13″E / 57.80417°N 12.32028°E / 57.80417; 12.32028	176 (87/89)	250	250	1965	Merc	Replaced in August 2006 by modern converters using thyristors	^[1]
SACOI 1	Italy - Suvereto 43°3′10″N 10°41′42″E / 43.05278°N 10.69500°E / 43.05278; 10.69500 ( before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio 43°15′43″N 10°55′05″E / 43.26194°N 10.91806°E / 43.26194; 10.91806)	France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E / 42.52778°N 9.44972°E / 42.52778; 9.44972 ; Codrongianos, Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E / 40.65194°N 8.71333°E / 40.65194; 8.71333	483 (365/118)	200	200	1965	Merc	Replaced in 1986 by Thyr, multiterminal scheme. The line reused by SACOI 2, see below.	^[1]
Kingsnorth	UK - Kingsnorth 51°25′11″N 0°35′46″E / 51.41972°N 0.59611°E / 51.41972; 0.59611	UK - London-Beddington 51°22′23″N 0°7′38″W / 51.37306°N 0.12722°W / 51.37306; -0.12722	85 (85/0)	266	320	1975	Merc	Bipolar scheme Supplier: English Electric Shut down in 1987	^[51]
Kingsnorth	UK - Kingsnorth	UK - London-Willesden 51°32′03″N 0°15′29″W / 51.53417°N 0.25806°W / 51.53417; -0.25806	111 (111/0)	266	320	1975	Merc	Opposite pole of Kingsnorth - Beddington. Cable wholly underground except for Thames crossing - crossed on upstream side of Putney District line railway bridge
Skagerrak 1 + 2	Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E / 56.47889; 9.56694	Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E / 58.26000; 7.89861	230 (130/100)	250	500	1977	Thyr	Supplier: STK(Nexans) Control system upgrade by ABB in 2007	^[52]^[53]^[54]
Gotland 2	Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E / 57.72806; 16.64750	Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E / 57.58694; 18.19556	99.5 (92.9/6.6)	150	130	1983	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Interconnexion France Angleterre (new)	France - Les Mandarins 50°54′11″N 1°47′5″E / 50.90306°N 1.78472°E / 50.90306; 1.78472	UK - Sellindge 51°6′21″N 0°58′32″E / 51.10583°N 0.97556°E / 51.10583; 0.97556	72 (72/0)	270	2000	1986	Thyr	2 bipolar systems Supplier: Alstom	^[1]^[55]
Gotland 3	Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E / 57.72806; 16.64750	Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E / 57.58694; 18.19556	98 (98/0)	150	130	1987	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Konti-Skan 2	Denmark - Vester, Hassing 57°3′46″N 10°5′24″E / 57.06278°N 10.09000°E / 57.06278; 10.09000	Sweden - Lindome 57°36′24″N 12°6′40″E / 57.60667°N 12.11111°E / 57.60667; 12.11111	147 (87/60)	285	300	1988	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Fenno-Skan	Finland - Rauma 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″E / 61.15194°N 21.62556°E / 61.15194; 21.62556	Sweden - Dannebo 60°24′14″N 18°08′10″E / 60.40389°N 18.13611°E / 60.40389; 18.13611	233 (200/33)	400	500	1989	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
SACOI 2	Italy - Suvereto 43°3′10″N 10°41′42″E / 43.05278°N 10.69500°E / 43.05278; 10.69500 ( before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio 43°15′43″N 10°55′05″E / 43.26194°N 10.91806°E / 43.26194; 10.91806)	France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E / 42.52778°N 9.44972°E / 42.52778; 9.44972 ; Codrongianos, Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E / 40.65194°N 8.71333°E / 40.65194; 8.71333	422 (118/304)	200	300	1992	Thyr	Multiterminal scheme Supplier: Alstom
Skagerrak 3	Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E / 56.47889; 9.56694	Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E / 58.26000; 7.89861	230 (130/100)	350	440	1993	Thyr	Supplier: Nexans ABB	^[52]
Baltic Cable	Germany - Lübeck- Herrenwyk 53°53′46″N 10°48′9″E / 53.89611°N 10.80250°E / 53.89611; 10.80250	Sweden - Kruseberg 55°30′1″N 13°8′45″E / 55.50028°N 13.14583°E / 55.50028; 13.14583	262 (250/12)	450	600	1994	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Kontek	Denmark - Bjæverskov 55°27′1″N 12°0′27″E / 55.45028°N 12.00750°E / 55.45028; 12.00750	Germany - Bentwisch 54°6′3″N 12°13′1″E / 54.10083°N 12.21694°E / 54.10083; 12.21694	170 (170/0)	400	600	1996	Thyr	Supplier: ABB
Hellsjön-Grängesberg	Sweden - Hellsjön 60°02′50″N 15°08′52″E / 60.04722°N 15.14778°E / 60.04722; 15.14778	Sweden - Grängesberg 60°03′53″N 14°59′39″E / 60.06472°N 14.99417°E / 60.06472; 14.99417	10 (0/10)	180	3	1997	IGBT	Experimental HVDC Supplier: ABB
Visby-Näs	Sweden - Näs 57°05′58″N 18°14′27″E / 57.09944°N 18.24083°E / 57.09944; 18.24083	Sweden - Visby 57°37′29″N 18°21′18″E / 57.62472°N 18.35500°E / 57.62472; 18.35500	70 (70/0)	80	50	1999	Thyr
SwePol	Poland - Wierzbięcin 54°30′8″N 16°53′28″E / 54.50222°N 16.89111°E / 54.50222; 16.89111	Sweden - Stärnö 56°9′11″N 14°50′29″E / 56.15306°N 14.84139°E / 56.15306; 14.84139	245 (245/0)	450	600	2000	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[56]
Tjæreborg	Denmark - Tjæreborg/Enge 55°26′52″N 8°35′34″E / 55.44778°N 8.59278°E / 55.44778; 8.59278	Denmark - Tjæreborg/Substation 55°28′07″N 8°33′36″E / 55.46861°N 8.56000°E / 55.46861; 8.56000	4.3 (4.3/0)	9	7	2000	IGBT	Interconnection to wind power generating stations
Italy-Greece	Greece - Arachthos 39°11′00″N 20°57′48″E / 39.18333°N 20.96333°E / 39.18333; 20.96333	Italy - Galatina 40°9′53″N 18°7′49″E / 40.16472°N 18.13028°E / 40.16472; 18.13028	310 (200/110)	400	500	2001	Thyr
Moyle	UK - Auchencrosh 55°04′10″N 4°58′50″W / 55.06944°N 4.98056°W / 55.06944; -4.98056	UK - N. Ireland- Ballycronan More 54°50′34″N 5°46′11″W / 54.84278°N 5.76972°W / 54.84278; -5.76972	63.5 (63.5/0)	250	500	2001	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Nexans	^[57]
HVDC Troll	Norway - Kollsnes 60°33′01″N 4°50′26″E / 60.55028°N 4.84056°E / 60.55028; 4.84056	Norway - Offshore platform Troll A 60°40′00″N 3°40′00″E / 60.66667°N 3.66667°E / 60.66667; 3.66667	70 (70/0)	60	80	2004	IGBT	Power supply for offshore gas compressor Supplier: ABB	^[58]
Estlink	Finland - Espoo 60°12′14″N 24°33′06″E / 60.20389°N 24.55167°E / 60.20389; 24.55167	Estonia - Harku 59°23′5″N 24°33′37″E / 59.38472°N 24.56028°E / 59.38472; 24.56028	105 (105/0)	150	350	2006	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[58]
NorNed	Netherlands - Eemshaven 53°26′4″N 6°51′57″E / 53.43444°N 6.86583°E / 53.43444; 6.86583	Norway - Feda 58°16′58″N 6°51′55″E / 58.28278°N 6.86528°E / 58.28278; 6.86528	580 (580/0)	450	700	2008	Thyr	Supplier: ABB, Nexans	^[58]
BritNed	UK - Grain 51°26′24″N 0°43′0″E / 51.44000°N 0.71667°E / 51.44000; 0.71667	Netherlands - Maasvlakte 51°57′27″N 4°01′17″E / 51.95750°N 4.02139°E / 51.95750; 4.02139	245 (245/0)	450	1000	2010	Thyr	Operational since April 2011. Supplier: Siemens	^[58]^[59] ^[60]^[61]
StoreBælt	Denmark - Fraugde 55°22′01″N 10°30′25″E / 55.36694°N 10.50694°E / 55.36694; 10.50694	Denmark - Herslev 55°31′53″N 11°19′01″E / 55.53139°N 11.31694°E / 55.53139; 11.31694	56 (56/0)	400	600	2010	Thyr	Operational since August 2010. Supplier: Siemens	^[58]
Cometa	Spain - Morvedre 39°38′28″N 0°14′7″W / 39.64111°N 0.23528°W / 39.64111; -0.23528	Spain - Santa Ponsa 39°32′2″N 2°30′21″E / 39.53389°N 2.50583°E / 39.53389; 2.50583	247 (247/0)	250	400	2011	Thyr	Expected completion 2011 Supplier: Siemens (converter stations); Prysmian/Nexans (cables)	^[58]
Fenno-Skan 2	Finland - Rauma 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″E / 61.15194°N 21.62556°E / 61.15194; 21.62556	Sweden - Finnböle 60°25′30″N 17°3′42″E / 60.42500°N 17.06167°E / 60.42500; 17.06167	303 (200/103)	500	800	2011	Thyr
SAPEI	Italy - Latina 41°25′47″N 12°48′25″E / 41.42972°N 12.80694°E / 41.42972; 12.80694	Italy - Fiume Santo 40°50′29″N 8°18′21″E / 40.84139°N 8.30583°E / 40.84139; 8.30583	435 (435/0)	500	1000	2011	Thyr	The largest HVDC link in the Mediterranean Sea. Supplier: ABB	^[58]^[62]^[63]
Valhall HVDC	Norway - Lista 58°04′37″N 6°46′29″E / 58.07694°N 6.77472°E / 58.07694; 6.77472	Norway - Valhall, Offshore platform	292 (292/0)	150	78	2011	IGBT	Supplier: ABB, Nexans	^[64]
BorWin1	Germany - Diele	Germany - BorWin Alpha platform	200 (200/0)	±150	400	2012	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[65]^[66]^[67]
East West Interconnector	Ireland - Woodland 53°28′16″N 6°34′3″W / 53.47111°N 6.56750°W / 53.47111; -6.56750	UK - Shotton, Wales 53°13′38″N 3°4′22″W / 53.22722°N 3.07278°W / 53.22722; -3.07278	130 (130/0)	±200	500	2012	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[68]
Fenno-Skan 1 Upgrade	Finland - Rauma	Sweden - Finnböle	233 (200/33)	400	500	2013	Thyr	Upgrade Supplier:ABB	^[69]^[70]^[71]
Estlink 2	Finland - Anttila 60°22′36″N 25°22′01″E / 60.37667°N 25.36694°E / 60.37667; 25.36694	Estonia - Püssi 59°22′13″N 27°04′05″E / 59.37028°N 27.06806°E / 59.37028; 27.06806	171 (157/14)	450	650	2014	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens, Nexans
ÅL-link	Finland - Naantali (sv:Nådendal) 60°27′49″N 22°03′49″E / 60.46361°N 22.06361°E / 60.46361; 22.06361	Åland - Ytterby	158 (158/0)	80	100	2015	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[72]^[73]^[74]
BorWin2	Germany - Diele 53°7′30″N 7°18′29″E / 53.12500°N 7.30806°E / 53.12500; 7.30806	Germany - BorWin Beta platform 54°21′18″N 6°01′30″E / 54.35500°N 6.02500°E / 54.35500; 6.02500 (BorWin2 - BorWin Beta platform)	200 (200/0)	±300	800	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens	^[75]
DolWin1	Germany - Heede 52°58′57″N 7°15′26″E / 52.98250°N 7.25722°E / 52.98250; 7.25722	Germany - DolWin Alpha platform 53°59′42″N 6°25′16″E / 53.99500°N 6.42111°E / 53.99500; 6.42111 (DolWin1 - DolWin Alpha platform)	165 (165/0)	±320	800	2015	IGBT	Supplier:ABB	^[76]
HelWin1	Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E / 53.91694°N 9.23194°E / 53.91694; 9.23194	Germany - HelWin Alpha platform 54°27′07″N 7°44′20″E / 54.45194°N 7.73889°E / 54.45194; 7.73889 (HelWin1 - HelWin Alpha platform)	130 (130/0)	±250	576	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens	^[77]
HelWin2	Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E / 53.91694°N 9.23194°E / 53.91694; 9.23194	Germany - HelWin Beta platform 54°27′11″N 7°44′20″E / 54.45306°N 7.73889°E / 54.45306; 7.73889 (HelWin2 - HelWin Beta platform)	130 (130/0)	±320	690	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens
INELFE	France - Baixas 42°43′56″N 2°48′14″E / 42.73222°N 2.80389°E / 42.73222; 2.80389	Spain - Santa Llogaia 42°13′59″N 2°56′39″E / 42.23306°N 2.94417°E / 42.23306; 2.94417	64 (64/0)	±320	2000	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens, Cables: Prysmian. €700m, 8 km tunnel near HSR	^[78] ^[79]^[80]^[81]
LitPol Link HVDC is B2B	Lithuania - Alytus	Poland - Elk	160 (0/160)	70	500	2015²^[82]	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[83]^[84]^[85]
NordBalt	Sweden - Nybro 56°46′4″N 15°51′15″E / 56.76778°N 15.85417°E / 56.76778; 15.85417	Lithuania - Klaipėda 55°40′54″N 21°15′24″E / 55.68167°N 21.25667°E / 55.68167; 21.25667	450 (450/0)	300	700	2015	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[86]
Skagerrak 4	Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E / 56.47889; 9.56694	Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E / 58.26000; 7.89861	244 (244/0)	500	700	2015	IGBT	Suppliers: Nexans, ABB	^[87]
SylWin1	Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E / 53.91694°N 9.23194°E / 53.91694; 9.23194	Germany - SylWin Alpha platform 55°03′47″N 7°14′28″E / 55.06306°N 7.24111°E / 55.06306; 7.24111 (SylWin1 - SylWin Alpha platform)	205 (205/0)	±320	864	2015	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens	^[88]
Troll A 3&4	Norway - Kollsnes	Norway - Troll A 3&4 platform	70 (70/0)	66	100	2015	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[89]^[90]^[91]^[92]^[93]^[94]
DolWin2	Germany - Heede 52°58′52″N 7°15′26″E / 52.98111°N 7.25722°E / 52.98111; 7.25722	Germany - DolWin Beta platform 53°58′41″N 6°55′23″E / 53.97806°N 6.92306°E / 53.97806; 6.92306 (DolWin2 - DolWin Beta platform)	135 (135/0)	±320	900	2016	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[95]
SydVästlänken	Sweden - Barkeryd 57°44′52″N 14°39′19″E / 57.74778°N 14.65528°E / 57.74778; 14.65528	Sweden - Hurva 55°49′59″N 13°36′08″E / 55.83306°N 13.60222°E / 55.83306; 13.60222	260 (197/63)	±300	2x720	2021	IGBT	Supplier: Alstom
DolWin3	Germany - Heede 52°58′57″N 7°15′26″E / 52.98250°N 7.25722°E / 52.98250; 7.25722	Germany - DolWin Gamma platform 53°59′42″N 6°25′16″E / 53.99500°N 6.42111°E / 53.99500; 6.42111 (DolWin3 - DolWin Gamma platform)	160 (160/0)	±320	900	2017	IGBT	Supplier: Alstom	^[96]
HVDC MON.ITA Project	Italy-Cepagatti 42°23′41″N 14°07′30″E / 42.39472°N 14.12500°E / 42.39472; 14.12500	Montenegro - Lastva Grbaljska 42°19′03″N 18°47′41″E / 42.31750°N 18.79472°E / 42.31750; 18.79472	415 (415/0)	±500	1000	2019	Thyr	Supplier: Toshiba (converter stations); Nexans (cables).	^[97]^[98]^[99]
Western HVDC Link	UK - Hunterston 55°43′16″N 4°53′7″W / 55.72111°N 4.88528°W / 55.72111; -4.88528	UK - Flintshire Bridge 53°13′54″N 3°1′58″W / 53.23167°N 3.03278°W / 53.23167; -3.03278	422 (422/0)	600	2200	2017-18	Thyr	Supplier: Prysmian Group, Siemens First subsea 600kV link	^[100]^[101]
Caithness - Moray Link³	UK - Spittal 58°28′47″N 3°27′08″W / 58.47972°N 3.45222°W / 58.47972; -3.45222 (Caithness - Moray Link)	UK - Blackhillock 57°31′24″N 2°56′55″W / 57.52333°N 2.94861°W / 57.52333; -2.94861 (Caithness - Moray Link)	160	320	1200	2018	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[102]^[103]
BorWin3	Germany - Diele	Germany - BorWin Gamma platform	200 (200/0)	±320	900	2019	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens
COBRAcable	Denmark - Endrup via Fanø 55°31′49″N 8°42′13″E / 55.53028°N 8.70361°E / 55.53028; 8.70361	Netherlands - Eemshaven 53°26′07″N 6°52′02″E / 53.43528°N 6.86722°E / 53.43528; 6.86722	325	±320	700	2019⁴	IGBT	Suppliers: Siemens, Prysmian, Cost € 449m	^[104]^[105]^[106]^[107]^[108]
ElecLink	France - Les Mandarins	UK - Sellindge	70	320	1000	2022	IGBT	In the Channel Tunnel Cost €580m	^[109]^[110]
Johan Sverdrup Phase 1	Norway - Haugsneset	Norway - Johan Sverdrup platform	200 (200/0)	±80	100	2019	IGBT	Supplier: ABB, NKT	^[111]
DolWin5	Germany - Emden/Ost	Germany - DolWin Epsilon platform	130 (130/0)	±320	900	2024	IGBT	Supplier: ABB, Aibel, Prysmian	^[112]
DolWin6	Germany - Emden/Ost	Germany - DolWin Zetaplatform	90 (90/0)	±320	900	2023	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens, Prysmian	^[113]
France-Italy via Fréjus Road Tunnel	France, Grand-Île	Italy, Piossasco	190	±320	2x600	2019	IGBT	Supplier: Alstom (converter stations); Prysmian (cables).	^[114]^[115]^[116]^[117]
Nemo Link	Belgium - near Bruges	UK - Richborough Energy Park	140 (140/0)	400	1000	2019	IGBT	Converter stations: Siemens, cables: J-power systems^[118]	^[119]^[120]
ALEGrO	Belgium - Visé	Germany - Oberzier	100 (100/0)	320	1000	2020⁵	IGBT	Converter stations: Siemens Cables: General Cable	^[121]^[122]^[123] ^[124] ^[125]
IFA-2	France - Tourbe, Normandie	UK - Chilling, Hampshire	204	320	1000	2021	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[126]^[127]^[128]^[129]
NORD.LINK	Norway - Tonstad 58°40′07″N 6°45′16″E / 58.66861°N 6.75444°E / 58.66861; 6.75444	Germany - Wilster 53°55′18″N 9°20′41″E / 53.92167°N 9.34472°E / 53.92167; 9.34472	623 (570/53)	525	1400	2021	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[130]
North Sea Link	Norway - Kvilldal	UK - Blyth	730 (730/0)	515	1400	2021	IGBT	Supplier: ABB, Prysmian Group, Nexans, MACH 3 Control & Protection	^[131]^[132]^[133]^[134]
Johan Sverdrup Phase 2	Norway - Haugsneset	Norway - Johan Sverdrup platform	200 (200/0)	±80	200	2022	IGBT	Supplier: Siemens, NKT	^[111]
FAB Link	France - Menuel on Cherbourg Peninsula	UK - Exeter via Alderney	210 (210/0)	320	1400	2025	IGBT		^[135]^[136]
Shetland HVDC Connection	UK - Upper Kergord 60°17′35″N 1°16′15″W / 60.29306°N 1.27083°W / 60.29306; -1.27083	UK - near Staxigoe 58°27′50″N 3°4′52″W / 58.46389°N 3.08111°W / 58.46389; -3.08111 ^[137]	260 (260/0)	320	600	2024⁶	IGBT		^[138]^[139]
Western Isles HVDC connection	UK - Arnish Point near Stornoway	UK - Beauly	156	320	600	2021⁷			^[140]
EuroAsia Interconnector	Israel - Hadera, via Cyprus - Kofinou	Greece - Korakia, Crete	1208	500	2000	2027			^[141]^[142]
Viking Link	Denmark - Revsing	UK - Bicker Fen	740	525	1400	2023	IGBT	Suppliers: Siemens, Prysmian and NKT	^[143]^[144]
EuroAfrica Interconnector	Egypt - Damietta - via Cyprus - Kofinou	Greece - Korakia, Crete	1396	500	2000	2027			^[145]^[146]^[147]^[148]
Eastern HVDC Link	UK - Peterhead	UK - Hawthorn	305	400	2000	2024			^[149]
Celtic Interconnector	Ireland	France	575	500	700	2026			^[150]
Dogger Bank A	UK - Creyke Beck 53°48′33″N 0°25′1″W / 53.80917°N 0.41694°W / 53.80917; -0.41694	UK - Dogger Bank A platform	207 (207/0)	320	1200	2024	IGBT	Suppliers: ABB, Aibel and NKT, 172 km submarine cable and 35 km underground cable	^[151]^[152]
Dogger Bank B	UK - Creyke Beck 53°48′33″N 0°25′1″W / 53.80917°N 0.41694°W / 53.80917; -0.41694	UK - Dogger Bank B platform	207 (207/0)	320	1200	2024	IGBT	Suppliers: ABB, Aibel and NKT, 172 km submarine cable and 35 km underground cable	^[151]^[152]
Greenlink	Ireland – County Wexford	UK – Pembrokeshire, Wales	200	320	500	2024
SüdOstLink	Germany – Wolmirstedt	Germany – Landshut	500	525	2000	2025			^[153]
SuedLink DC3	Germany - Brunsbuettel 53°53'47.4"N 9°11'47.6"E	Germany - Grossgartach 49°08'36.2"N 9°09'03.9"E	700	±525	2000	2027	IGBT	Suppliers: VSC substations: Siemens Energy, DC cable: nkt Common project of Tennet TSO and Transnet BW highlight: first 525kV fully underground DC cable project
SuedLink DC4	Germany - Wilster 53°55'14.3"N 9°20'34.8"E	Germany - Bergrheinfeld 49°59'22.4"N 10°09'02.9"E	550	±525	2000	2027	IGBT	Supplier substations: tbd dc cable: Prysmian Common project of TenneT TSO and Transnet BW highlight: first 525kV fully underground DC cable project
NeuConnect	Germany - Wilhelmshaven	UK - Isle of Grain	725	±525	1400	2028
Estlink 3	Finland	Estonia			700–1000	2035

² As of 9 December 2015, LitPol Link started trial operations.^[154]
³ Caithness Moray HVDC serves a number of renewable energy sources in the north of Scotland - see map^[140]
⁴ Contracts due to be placed in 2016.
⁵ Elia says construction expected to start in late 2017.
⁶ Date is that quoted to support the Shetland Wind Farm that SSE is a part investor in.^[155]
⁷ Decision on project expected in 2017 following consultation - see SSE PD reference.

North America

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
HVDC Mechanicville–Schenectady	USA - Mechanicville, NY 42°54′45″N 73°40′49″W / 42.91250°N 73.68028°W / 42.91250; -73.68028	USA - Schenectady, NY	37 (0/37)	12	5	1932	Merc	Experimental, frequency conversion 40 to 60 Hz Dismantled after WW II	^[156]
Vancouver Island 1	Canada - Delta, BC 49°5′31″N 123°2′31″W / 49.09194°N 123.04194°W / 49.09194; -123.04194	Canada - North Cowichan, BC 48°49′39″N 123°42′55″W / 48.82750°N 123.71528°W / 48.82750; -123.71528	75 (42/33)	260	312	1968 - 2014	Merc	Supplier: ASEA	^[1]
Pacific DC Intertie	USA - Celilo, OR 45°35′39″N 121°6′51″W / 45.59417°N 121.11417°W / 45.59417; -121.11417	USA - Sylmar, CA 34°18′39″N 118°29′21″W / 34.31083°N 118.48917°W / 34.31083; -118.48917, 34°18′42″N 118°28′53″W / 34.31167°N 118.48139°W / 34.31167; -118.48139	1362 (0/1362)	±500	3100	1970	Thyr	Transmission voltage ±400 kV until 1984 Maximum transmission power 1440 MW until 1982 From 1982 to 1984 1600 MW From 1984 to 1989 2000 MW Merc replaced by Thyr in 2004 Original supplier: ASEA, General Electric In 1989 upgraded by ABB In 2004 upgraded by ABB and Siemens	^[1]^[157]^[158]
Nelson River Bipole 1	Canada - Gillam, Manitoba 56°21′41″N 94°36′48″W / 56.36139°N 94.61333°W / 56.36139; -94.61333	Canada - Rosser, Manitoba 49°59′39″N 97°25′39″W / 49.99417°N 97.42750°W / 49.99417; -97.42750	895 (0/895)	463.5	1854	1971	Thyr	Used the largest mercury arc rectifiers ever built Original supplier: English Electric. In 1992/1993, Pole 1 upgraded to Thyr by Alstom. In 2004, Pole 2 upgraded to Thyr by Siemens.	^[1]^[159]
Vancouver Island 2	Canada - Delta, BC 49°5′31″N 123°2′31″W / 49.09194°N 123.04194°W / 49.09194; -123.04194	Canada - North Cowichan, BC 48°49′39″N 123°42′55″W / 48.82750°N 123.71528°W / 48.82750; -123.71528	75 (33/42)	280	370	1977 - 2016	Thyr	Supplier: General Electric	^[1]
Square Butte	USA - Center, ND (Young) 47°4′18″N 101°11′45″W / 47.07167°N 101.19583°W / 47.07167; -101.19583	USA - Adolph, MN (Arrowhead) 46°46′25″N 92°17′39″W / 46.77361°N 92.29417°W / 46.77361; -92.29417	749 (0/749)	250	500	1977	Thyr	Supplier: General Electric In 2004 Control system upgrade by ABB	^[1]^[160]^[161]
Nelson River Bipole 2	Canada - Sundance, Manitoba 56°30′14″N 94°8′24″W / 56.50389°N 94.14000°W / 56.50389; -94.14000	Canada - Rosser, Manitoba 49°59′39″N 97°25′49″W / 49.99417°N 97.43028°W / 49.99417; -97.43028	940 (0/940)	500	2000	1978-1985	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[1]^[159]
CU	USA - Underwood, ND (Coal Creek) 47°22′24″N 101°9′23″W / 47.37333°N 101.15639°W / 47.37333; -101.15639	USA - Rockford, MN (Dickinson) 45°6′40″N 93°48′36″W / 45.11111°N 93.81000°W / 45.11111; -93.81000	687 (0/687)	400	1000	1979	Thyr	Supplier: ABB In 2004, control system upgrade by ABB	^[1]^[162]
Path 27	USA - Intermountain, UT 39°30′2″N 112°34′51″W / 39.50056°N 112.58083°W / 39.50056; -112.58083	USA - Adelanto, CA 34°33′4″N 117°26′14″W / 34.55111°N 117.43722°W / 34.55111; -117.43722	785 (0/785)	±500	1920	1986	Thyr
Quebec - New England Transmission	Canada - Radisson, Quebec OpenStreetMap 53°43′33″N 77°44′17″W / 53.72583°N 77.73806°W / 53.72583; -77.73806	Canada - Nicolet, QC 46°04′47″N 72°14′58″W / 46.07972°N 72.24944°W / 46.07972; -72.24944; USA - Ayer, MA 42°34′13″N 71°31′27″W / 42.57028°N 71.52417°W / 42.57028; -71.52417	1105 (5/1100)	450	2250	1991	Thyr	3 terminals Converter stations near Windsor, Quebec and Monroe, New Hampshire were decommissioned in 2007. Supplier: ABB	^[1]
Cross Sound Cable	USA - New Haven, Connecticut 41°17′12″N 72°54′8″W / 41.28667°N 72.90222°W / 41.28667; -72.90222	USA - Shoreham, New York 40°57′33″N 72°52′3″W / 40.95917°N 72.86750°W / 40.95917; -72.86750	40 (40/0)	150	330	2002	IGBT	Buried underwater cable Supplier: ABB	^[163]
Neptune Cable	USA - Long Island (Hicksville) NY 40°45′38″N 73°33′4″W / 40.76056°N 73.55111°W / 40.76056; -73.55111	USA -Sayreville, NJ 40°28′25.38″N 74°21′11.1″W / 40.4737167°N 74.353083°W / 40.4737167; -74.353083	105 (105/0)	500	660	2007	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[164]
Trans Bay Cable	USA - Pittsburg, California 38°01′51″N 121°53′48″W / 38.03083°N 121.89667°W / 38.03083; -121.89667	USA - San Francisco, CA 37°45′17″N 122°23′09″W / 37.75472°N 122.38583°W / 37.75472; -122.38583	85 (85/0)	200	400	2010	IGBT	First HVDC system using Modular Multi-Level Converter Supplier: Siemens, Pirelli	^[165]^[166]^[167]
Eastern Alberta Transmission Line	Canada – Newell, AB 50°30′41″N 112°01′02″W / 50.51139°N 112.01722°W / 50.51139; -112.01722	Canada – Heathfield, AB 53°51′28″N 113°13′52″W / 53.85778°N 113.23111°W / 53.85778; -113.23111	485 (0/485)	500	1000	2015/2016	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[168]
Western Alberta Transmission Line	Canada – Genesee, AB 53°21′13″N 114°18′33″W / 53.35361°N 114.30917°W / 53.35361; -114.30917	Canada – Langdon, AB 50°57′37″N 113°43′11″W / 50.96028°N 113.71972°W / 50.96028; -113.71972	350 (0/350)	500	1000	2015	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[168]^[169]
Nelson River Bipole 3	Canada - Keewatinohk, Manitoba 56°39′25″N 93°51′14″W / 56.65694°N 93.85389°W / 56.65694; -93.85389	Canada - Riel, Manitoba 49°51′59″N 96°56′24″W / 49.86639°N 96.94000°W / 49.86639; -96.94000	1324 (0/1324)	500	2000	2018	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[1]^[159]
Labrador-Island Link	Canada - Muskrat Falls, NL	Canada - Soldiers Pond, NL	1135 (35/1100)	350	900	2017	Thyr	Drilling for cable landfall began in 2014. Supplier: Alstom Grid	^[170]^[171]
Maritime Link	Canada - Bottom Brook, NL 48°31′52″N 58°15′39″W / 48.53111°N 58.26083°W / 48.53111; -58.26083 (Bottom Brook substation)	Canada - Woodbine, NS 45°59′30″N 60°16′26″W / 45.99167°N 60.27389°W / 45.99167; -60.27389 (Woodbine Substation)	360 (170/190)	200	500	2017	IGBT	Right-of-way clearing began in 2014. Supplier: ABB	^[172]^[173]^[174]^[175]
New England Clean Power Link	USA - Alburgh, VT	USA - Ludlow, VT	248 (248/0)	320	1000	?			^[176]^[177]^[178]
Îles-de-la-Madeleine Cable Connection	Canada - Percé, QC	Canada - Cap-aux-Meules, QC	225 (225/0)	?	80	2025		Buried undersea and underground	^[179]
TransWest Express	USA – Sinclair, WY	USA – Boulder City, NV	1165 (0/1165)	600	3000	2027		Ground breaking in 2023	^[180]^[181]^[182]
Grain Belt Express	USA - Ford County, KS	USA - Sullivan County, IN	750 (0/750)	600	5000	?			^[183]
SOO Green	USA - Mason City, Iowa	USA - Plano, Illinois	563	525	2100	2023		Buried along railroad right-of-way Supplier: Siemens	^[184]
Clean Path NY	USA - Upstate New York	USA - New York City	280		1300	?			^[185]
Champlain Hudson Power Express	Canada–New York border	USA - New York City	545		1250	2025			^[186]
New England Clean Energy Connect	USA - Beattie Twp, ME	USA - Lewiston, ME	314		1200	2024			^[187]
SunZia Transmission	USA – Torrance County, NM	USA – Pinal County, AZ	880	525	3000	2026		Project combined with 3,500 MW wind project	^[188]

South America

Name	Converter station 1	Converter station 2	Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km)	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Itaipu 1	Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná 25°27′58″S 54°32′33″W / 25.46611°S 54.54250°W / -25.46611; -54.54250	Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo 23°40′2″S 47°6′19″W / 23.66722°S 47.10528°W / -23.66722; -47.10528	785 (0/785)	600	3150	1984	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[1]
Itaipu 2	Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná 25°27′58″S 54°32′33″W / 25.46611°S 54.54250°W / -25.46611; -54.54250	Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo 23°40′2″S 47°6′19″W / 23.66722°S 47.10528°W / -23.66722; -47.10528	805 (0/805)	600	3150	1987	Thyr	Supplier: ABB	^[1]
Rio Madeira	Brazil, Porto Velho 08°54′53″S 63°57′27″W / 8.91472°S 63.95750°W / -8.91472; -63.95750	Brazil, Araraquara 21°49′59″S 48°20′52″W / 21.83306°S 48.34778°W / -21.83306; -48.34778	2375 (0/2375)	600	7100	2013	Thyr	The longest transmission link in the world Suppliers: ABB, Alstom	^[189]
Xingu-Estreito (aka, Belo Monte 1)	Brazil - Anapu, Pará	Brazil - Ibiraci, Minas Gerais	2077 (0/2077)	800	4000	2017	Thyr	Supplier: SIEMENS	^[190]
Xingu-Rio (aka, Belo Monte 2)	Brazil - Pará	Brazil - Rio de Janeiro	2550	800	4000	2019	Thyr	Supplier: NARI/XD/CET	^[190]

Back to back

Name	Location	Nominal Voltage (kV)	Power (MW)	Year	Type	Remarks	Ref
Carnegie Steel Company B2B	USA - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	?	?	?	Merc	built for an interconnection between 60 Hz-utility system and a 25 Hz System, dismantled	^[191]
Sakuma B2B	Japan - Sakuma 35°04′57″N 137°47′56″E / 35.08250°N 137.79889°E / 35.08250; 137.79889	125	300	1965	Merc	replaced in 1993 by new converter using light-triggered thyristors
Eel River B2B	Canada - Eel River, NB 48°01′05″N 66°26′39″W / 48.01806°N 66.44417°W / 48.01806; -66.44417 (Eel River Static Inverter Plant)	80	320	1972	Thyr	life extension project 2014	^[192]^[193]
David A. Hamil B2B	USA - Stegall, Nebraska 41°49′15″N 103°56′32″W / 41.82083°N 103.94222°W / 41.82083; -103.94222	±50	100	1977	Thyr	Supplier: GE
Shin Shinano B2B	Japan - Shin Shinano 36°08′14″N 137°52′58″E / 36.13722°N 137.88278°E / 36.13722; 137.88278	125	600	1977	Thyr	Supplier: Toshiba, Hitachi
Acaray B2B	Paraguay - Ciudad de Este 25°27′26″S 54°37′26″W / 25.45722°S 54.62389°W / -25.45722; -54.62389	25.6	50	1981	Thyr
Vyborg B2B	Russia - Vyborg 60°40′49″N 28°55′7″E / 60.68028°N 28.91861°E / 60.68028; 28.91861	±85	1065	1982	Thyr	extended up to 1420 MW in 2001
Dürnrohr B2B	Austria - Dürnrohr 48°19′46″N 15°52′48″E / 48.32944°N 15.88000°E / 48.32944; 15.88000 (GK Durnrohr)	145	550	1983	Thyr	shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
Artesia, New Mexico (Eddy County HVDC B2B) B2B	USA - Artesia, NM 32°48′51.7″N 104°14′29.6″W / 32.814361°N 104.241556°W / 32.814361; -104.241556	82	200	1983	Thyr
Chateauguay B2B	Canada – Châteauguay, QC 45°15′11″N 73°52′11″W / 45.25306°N 73.86972°W / 45.25306; -73.86972	140	1000	1984	Thyr	Control system upgrade by ABB in 2009	^[194]^[195]
Oklaunion B2B	USA - Oklaunion, TX 34°5′6″N 99°11′1″W / 34.08500°N 99.18361°W / 34.08500; -99.18361	82	200	1984	Thyr	ABB replacement in 2014	^[196]^[197]
Blackwater, New Mexico B2B	USA - Blackwater, NM 34°18′3″N 103°10′27″W / 34.30083°N 103.17417°W / 34.30083; -103.17417	57	200	1984	Thyr	Valve cooling and control systems upgrade by ABB in 2009	^[198]^[199]
Madawaska, Quebec B2B	Canada - Dégelis, QC 47°30′31″N 68°31′25″W / 47.50861°N 68.52361°W / 47.50861; -68.52361	140	350	1985	Thyr
Miles City, Montana B2B	USA - Miles City, MT 46°24′31″N 105°47′36″W / 46.40861°N 105.79333°W / 46.40861; -105.79333	82	200	1985	Thyr
Highgate, VT B2B	USA - Highgate, VT 44°56′17″N 73°3′15″W / 44.93806°N 73.05417°W / 44.93806; -73.05417	56	200	1985	Thyr	Refurbishment by ABB in 2012,	^[200]
Uruguaiana B2B	Brazil - Uruguaiana 29°48′22″S 57°0′17″W / 29.80611°S 57.00472°W / -29.80611; -57.00472	17.9	53.9	1986	Thyr
Broken Hill B2B	Australia - Broken Hill 31°59′10″S 141°25′9″E / 31.98611°S 141.41917°E / -31.98611; 141.41917	8.33	40	1986	Thyr
Virginia Smith B2B	USA - Sidney, NE 41°9′51″N 102°59′15″W / 41.16417°N 102.98750°W / 41.16417; -102.98750	50	200	1988	Thyr		^[201]
Vindhyachal B2B	India - Vindhyachal 24°05′38″N 82°40′44″E / 24.09389°N 82.67889°E / 24.09389; 82.67889	176	500	1989	Thyr
McNeill B2B	Canada - Mc Neill, AB 50°35′56″N 110°01′25″W / 50.59889°N 110.02361°W / 50.59889; -110.02361	42	150	1989	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Wolmirstedt B2B	Germany - Wolmirstedt 52°16′21″N 11°38′10″E / 52.27250°N 11.63611°E / 52.27250; 11.63611 (GK Wolmirstedt ( never in use))	160	600	(1992)	Thyr	construction work was stopped after reunification, static inverter hall is today part of a recycling yard
Etzenricht B2B	Germany - Etzenricht 49°37′52″N 12°6′56″E / 49.63111°N 12.11556°E / 49.63111; 12.11556 (GKK Etzenricht)	160	600	1993	Thyr	shut down in October 1995, dismantled in 2009
Vienna-Southeast B2B	Austria - Vienna 48°7′22″N 16°25′6″E / 48.12278°N 16.41833°E / 48.12278; 16.41833 (GK Wien-Sudost)	142	600	1993	Thyr	shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
Chandrapur B2B	India - Chandrapur 20°5′21″N 79°8′36″E / 20.08917°N 79.14333°E / 20.08917; 79.14333	205	2x500	1998	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Welsh HVDC Converter Station B2B	USA - Titus County, TX 33°03′30.3″N 94°50′36.54″W / 33.058417°N 94.8434833°W / 33.058417; -94.8434833 (Welsh Power Plant)	162	600	1998	Thyr
Garabi HVDC	Brazil - Garabi 28°15′19″S 55°40′18″W / 28.25528°S 55.67167°W / -28.25528; -55.67167	±70	2200	1999	Thyr	Brazil-Argentina Interconnection. Supplier: ABB In 2002, the second phase 'Garabi 2' was supplied by ABB .	^[202]
Vizag 1	India - Visakhapatnam Gazuwaka 17°38′33″N 83°7′57″E / 17.64250°N 83.13250°E / 17.64250; 83.13250	205	500	1999	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Minami-Fukumitsu B2B	Japan - Minami - Fukumitsu 36°29′46″N 136°54′57″E / 36.49611°N 136.91583°E / 36.49611; 136.91583	125	300	1999	Thyr
Rivera B2B	Uruguay - Rivera 30°56′29″S 55°33′34″W / 30.94139°S 55.55944°W / -30.94139; -55.55944	22	70	2000	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Eagle Pass, Texas B2B	USA - Eagle Pass, TX 28°42′58.8″N 100°29′26.88″W / 28.716333°N 100.4908000°W / 28.716333; -100.4908000	15.9	36	2000	IGBT
Sasaram B2B	India - Sasaram 25°07′42″N 83°42′29″E / 25.12833°N 83.70806°E / 25.12833; 83.70806	205	500	2003	Thyr	Supplier: Alstom
Rapid City DC Tie B2B	USA - Rapid City, SD 44°00′37″N 103°9′54″W / 44.01028°N 103.16500°W / 44.01028; -103.16500	13	200	2003	Thyr		^[203]^[204]
Vizag 2	India - Visakhapatnam 17°38′26″N 83°8′10″E / 17.64056°N 83.13611°E / 17.64056; 83.13611	176	500	2005	Thyr	Installed at Gazuwaka. Supplier:ABB. This is similar in specs to Vizag I and connects the Eastern and Southern grids.	^[205]
Lingbao B2B	China - Lingbao 34°32′56″N 110°50′49″E / 34.54889°N 110.84694°E / 34.54889; 110.84694	168	360	2005	Thyr	Supplier: NR(Protection&Control), Extension project 2010: Supplier: ABB;C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd	^[206]^[207]
Lamar Co., Colorado B2B	USA - Lamar, CO 38°12′25.08″N 102°31′43.92″W / 38.2069667°N 102.5288667°W / 38.2069667; -102.5288667	63.6	210	2005	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens; Combination of B2B HVDC & Grid Power Flow Controller (GPFC)	^[208]
Higashi-Shimuzu B2B	Japan - Shimuzu 35°03′24″N 138°29′58″E / 35.05667°N 138.49944°E / 35.05667; 138.49944	125	300	2006	Thyr
Sharyland B2B	USA - Mission, TX 26°10′01″N 98°19′25″W / 26.16694°N 98.32361°W / 26.16694; -98.32361	21	150	2007	Thyr
Al Fadhili B2B	Saudi Arabia - Al Fadhili 26°53′52″N 49°20′47″E / 26.89778°N 49.34639°E / 26.89778; 49.34639	222	3x600	2008	Thyr	Used mainly for Dynamic Reserve Power Sharing rather than economic energy transfer. Supplier: Alstom	^[209]
Outaouais B2B	Canada - Buckingham, QC 45°36′01″N 75°26′47″W / 45.60028°N 75.44639°W / 45.60028; -75.44639	315	2x625	2009	Thyr	Expected completion 2009. Supplier:ABB	^[58]
Heihe B2B	China - Heihe 50°15′19″N 127°25′37″E / 50.25528°N 127.42694°E / 50.25528; 127.42694 (Heihe HVDC back-to-back station)	±125	750	2011	Thyr	Supplier: NR(Protection&Control)^[210]
Gaoling B2B	China - Gaoling 40°10′49″N 120°00′22″E / 40.18028°N 120.00611°E / 40.18028; 120.00611 (Gaoling HVDC back-to-back station)	±500	1500	2008	Thyr
Shandong - East B2B	China		1200	2011	Thyr
Melo B2B	Uruguay - Melo 32°25′02″S 54°05′34″W / 32.41722°S 54.09278°W / -32.41722; -54.09278	±79	500	2011	Thyr	Supplier:Alstom
North - Central B2B	China		1000	2012	Thyr
Rio Madeira B2B	Brazil – Porto Velho 8°54′46″S 63°57′27″W / 8.91278°S 63.95750°W / -8.91278; -63.95750	100	600	2013	Thyr	Supplier: ABB^[211]	^[212]^[213]^[214]^[215]
Ridgefield B2B ( Hudson Project)	USA - Ridgefield, NJ 40°49′56″N 74°00′44″W / 40.83222°N 74.01222°W / 40.83222; -74.01222	185	660	2013	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens^[216]
Bheramara B2B	Bangladesh – Bheramara 24°04′03″N 89°0′04″E / 24.06750°N 89.00111°E / 24.06750; 89.00111	158	500	2013	Thyr
Akhaltsikhe B2B	Georgia - Akhaltsikhe 41°42′26″N 43°06′35″E / 41.70722°N 43.10972°E / 41.70722; 43.10972	96	700	2013	Thyr	Supplier: Siemens	^[217]
Mackinac B2B	USA - Saint Ignace, MI 45°51′31″N 84°44′18″W / 45.85861°N 84.73833°W / 45.85861; -84.73833	70	200	2014	IGBT	Supplier: ABB	^[218]
Railroad DC Tie	USA - Mission, TX 26°10′01″N 98°19′25″W / 26.16694°N 98.32361°W / 26.16694; -98.32361	21	150	2014	Thyr
Alytus B2B	Lithuania - Alytus 54°26′19″N 23°58′02″E / 54.43861°N 23.96722°E / 54.43861; 23.96722	±70	500	2015	Thyr		^[219]
Mogocha B2B	Russia - Mogocha 53°43′30″N 119°47′22″E / 53.72500°N 119.78944°E / 53.72500; 119.78944	±32	2x100	2017	IGBT		^[220]
Yu - E B2B	China-Chongqing, China-Hubei	±420	4x1250	2017	VSC-HVDC	Supplier: XJ Group Corporation(2x1250MW), C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd(1x1250MW), Rongxin Power Electronic Co., Ltd. (1x1250MW)
Khani B2B	Russia - Khani 56°55′09″N 119°59′24″E / 56.91917°N 119.99000°E / 56.91917; 119.99000	±32	2x100	2019	IGBT		^[220]
Van B2B	Turkiye - İran 38°58′37″N 43°31′58″E / 38.97694°N 43.53278°E / 38.97694; 43.53278	420	600	2021	IGBT	Supplier:NR-TEIAS
Bentwisch B2B	Germany - Bentwisch 54°06′04″N 12°12′56″E / 54.10111°N 12.21556°E / 54.10111; 12.21556	±140	410	2019	IGBT
Tres Amigas SuperStation	USA - Clovis, NM	?	5000	?	IGBT

Maps

Europe

Existing

Under construction

Options under consideration

HVDC interconnections in Europe as of 2023

Shetland HVDC Connection
Caithness Moray HVDC
Western Isles HVDC connection
NorthConnect
North Sea Link: Kvilldal, Norway – Blyth, UK
Eastern HVDC Link
Moyle: Auchencrosh, UK – Ballycronan More, Northern Ireland, UK
Western HVDC Link
East–West Interconnector: Leinster, Ireland – Shotton, Wales, UK
Celtic Interconnector
FAB Link
IFA-2
HVDC Cross-Channel: Les Mandarins, France – Sellindge, UK
Nemo Link
BritNed: UK – Netherlands
Aachen Liège Electricity Grid Overlay (ALEGrO)^[221]
Viking Link
HVDC DolWin1, HVDC DolWin2, HVDC DolWin3
HVDC SylWin1
HVDC HelWin1, HVDC HelWin2
HVDC BorWin1, HVDC BorWin2, HVDC BorWin3
NorNed: Feda, Norway – Eemshaven, Netherlands
NORD.LINK: Germany – Norway
Skagerrak 1, 2, 3, and 4: Tjele, Denmark – Kristiansand, Norway
Konti-Skan 1 and 2: VesterHassing, Denmark – Stenkullen, Sweden
StoreBælt: Fyn, Denmark – Zealand, Denmark
Baltic Cable: Lübeck- Herrenwyk, Germany – Kruseberg, Sweden
Kontek: Bjæverskov, Denmark – Bentwisch, Germany
SydVästlänken
SwePol: Stärnö, Sweden – Wierzbięcin (Słupsk), Poland
LitPol Link
NordBalt
HVDC Visby–Näs
Gotland: Västervik, Sweden – Ygne, Sweden
Fenno-Skan: Rauma, Finland – Dannebo, Sweden, Fenno-Skan 2
ÅL-link
Estlink: Harku, Estonia – Espoo, Finland
Estlink 2
Cometa: Valencia, Spain – Mallorca, Spain
INELFE Baixas - Santa Llogaia^[222]
HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia: "SACOI" – Codrongianos, Sardinia, Italy – Lucciana, Corsica, France – Suvereto, Italy (mainland)
SAPEI, Sardinia – Italian mainland
HVDC MON.ITA Project
HVDC Italy-Greece: Arachthos, Greece – Galatina, Italy
EuroAsia Interconnector
EuroAfrica Interconnector
Greenlink
France-Italy via Fréjus Road Tunnel
ElecLink: via Channel Tunnel
INELFE Biscay Gulf^[223]
NeuConnect: Isle of Grain, UK – Wilhelmshaven, Germany

References

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Legend

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References

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