Proechimys
Temporal range:
Proechimys longicaudatus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Echimyidae
Subfamily: Echimyinae
Tribe: Myocastorini
Genus: Proechimys
J. A. Allen, 1899
Type species
Echimys trinitatis
Species

Proechimys brevicauda
Proechimys canicollis
Proechimys chrysaeolus
Proechimys cuvieri
Proechimys decumanus
Proechimys echinothrix
Proechimys gardneri
Proechimys goeldii
Proechimys guairae
Proechimys guyannensis
Proechimys hoplomyoides
Proechimys kulinae
Proechimys longicaudatus
Proechimys magdalenae
Proechimys mincae
Proechimys oconnelli
Proechimys pattoni
Proechimys poliopus
Proechimys quadruplicatus
Proechimys roberti
Proechimys semispinosus
Proechimys simonsi
Proechimys steerei
Proechimys trinitatus
Proechimys urichi

Proechimys is a genus of South American spiny rats of the family Echimyidae.[1] All species of the genus are terrestrial. In the lowland Neotropical forests, Proechimys rodents are often the most abundant non-volant mammals.[2] They are recognizable by reason of their elongated heads and long rostra, large and erect ears, narrow and long hind feet, and tails always shorter than head-and-body lengths. The dorsal pelage comprises a mixture of expanded, varyingly stiffened spines (or aristiforms) — hence the vernacular name of spiny rats — and soft hairs (or setiforms).[2]

Proechimys is the most speciose genus of the rodent family Echimyidae, with 25 species recognized, followed by Phyllomys with 13 species, and Trinomys with 11 species.

Phylogeny

Genus level

The genus Proechimys is the sister group to the genus Hoplomys (the armored rat). In turn, these two taxa share evolutionary affinities with other Myocastorini genera: Callistomys (the painted tree-rat) and Myocastor (the coypu or nutria) on the one hand, and Thrichomys on the other hand.

Genus-level cladogram of the Myocastorini.
root  
         
         

  Callistomys (painted tree-rat)

  Myocastor (nutria)

         

  Thrichomys (punaré)

         

  Hoplomys (armored rat)

  Proechimys

The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA characters.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Species level

Reconstructing the systematics and phylogeny of Proechimys species have been greatly hampered by extreme levels of within- and among-population character variability.[2] This difficulty has been emphasized by Pine et al.:

Among the rodents, Proechimys remains what may be the most problematical genus taxonomically in all mammaldom.[10]

To infer the phylogeny of Proechimys at the species level, morphological characters[11] and mitochondrial DNA sequences[12] have been used, and allowed to group species into major clades but whose interrelationships remain unresolved.[2] Six species groups were identified (group semispinosus, group longicaudatus, group guyannensis, group trinitatus, group goeldii, and group gardneri), and 4 species (Proechimys simonsi, P. echinothrix, P. canicollis, and P. decumanus) remained unaffiliated to any of these groups.[13]

Species-level cladogram of the genus Proechimys.
  Proechimys  

  Proechimys simonsi (Simon's spiny rat)

  group semispinosus  

  Proechimys semispinosus (Tome's spiny rat)

  Proechimys gorgonae

  Proechimys oconnelli (O'Connell's spiny rat)

  group longicaudatus  

  Proechimys longicaudatus (Long-tailed spiny rat)

  Proechimys brevicauda (Short-tailed spiny rat)

  Proechimys gularis

  Proechimys cuvieri (Cuvier's spiny rat)

  group guyannensis  

  Proechimys guyannensis (Guyenne spiny rat)

  Proechimys roberti (Roberto's spiny rat)

  Proechimys oris

  Proechimys boimensis

  Proechimys echinothrix (Stiff-spine spiny rat)

  group trinitatus  

  Proechimys trinitatus (Trinidad spiny rat)

  Proechimys mincae (Minca spiny rat)

  Proechimys guairae (Guaira spiny rat)

  Proechimys poliopus (Gray-footed spiny rat)

  Proechimys magdalenae (Magdalena spiny rat)

  Proechimys chrysaeolus (Boyacá spiny rat)

  Proechimys urichi (Sucre spiny rat)

  Proechimys hoplomyoides (Guyanan spiny rat)

  Proechimys canicollis (Colombian spiny rat)

  Proechimys decumanus (Pacific spiny rat)

  group goeldii  

  Proechimys steerei (Steere's spiny rat)

  Proechimys quadruplicatus (Napo spiny rat)

  Proechimys amphichoricus

  Proechimys goeldii (Goeldi's spiny rat)

  Proechimys hyleae

  group gardneri  

  Proechimys gardneri (Gardner's spiny rat)

  Proechimys pattoni (Patton's spiny rat)

  Proechimys kulinae (Kulina spiny rat)

  Hoplomys  

  Hoplomys gymnurus

The cladogram has been reconstructed from morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b) sequences.[11][12][2][13]


The different groups of species can be diagnosed as follows.[13]

  • Group semispinosus: it contains two species, Proechimys semispinosus, — with its widespread range, from Central America south from Honduras along the west coast of Colombia and Ecuador — and P. oconnelli, with a more limited range, east of the Cordillera Oriental in the north-western Amazon.
  • Group longicaudatus: it contains the three species Proechimys longicaudatus, P. brevicauda, and P. cuvieri, united by lyrate and strongly fanged incisive foramina, and deep groves extending onto the anterior palate. They range from the lowland rainforest of the Guianan region and Amazon basin to dry forests of eastern Bolivia, northern Paraguay, and central Brazil.
  • Group guyannensis: it contains the two species Proechimys guyannensis, and P. roberti, showing a plantar surface of hindfeet with six pads, and distributed mostly in the Guianan region, eastern Amazonia, and extending south into central Brazil.
  • Group trinitatus: it contains the eight species Proechimys trinitatus, P. mincae, P. guairae, P. poliopus, P. magdalenae, P. chrysaeolus, P. urichi, and P. hoplomyoides. These taxa possess large and open incisive foramina, and simplified cheek teeth.
  • Group goeldii: it contains the three species Proechimys steerei, P. quadruplicatus, and P. goeldii, united by a uniformly large body size. Members of this group most commonly inhabit the seasonally inundated várzea or igapó lowland forests of the Amazon basin.
  • Group gardneri: it contains the three species Proechimys gardneri, P. pattoni, and P. kulinae, characterized by short head and body length — less than 185 millimetres (7.3 in). They are distributed in western Amazonia, but with non-overlapping ranges as all three species replace one another along the length of the Juruá River or on its opposite banks.

Distribution

Proechimys species presently occur mainly in South America, in all countries except Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile.[14] One member of the genus (P. semispinosus) also ranges into Central America.

Geographical distribution of Proechimys species in Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, and Central America (+ : presence in the corresponding country ; — : not observed).[14]
Groups of species are numbered according to the species-level phylogeny.
Groups Species BRA BOL COL ECU GUF GUY PRY PER SUR TTO VEN C.Am
03Proechimys brevicauda+++++
07Proechimys canicollis++
06Proechimys chrysaeolus+
03Proechimys cuvieri+++++
08Proechimys decumanus++
05Proechimys echinothrix+ ?
10Proechimys gardneri++
09Proechimys goeldii+
06Proechimys guairae+
04Proechimys guyannensis+++++
06Proechimys hoplomyoides+++
10Proechimys kulinae++
03Proechimys longicaudatus+++
06Proechimys magdalenae+
06Proechimys mincae+
02Proechimys oconnelli+
10Proechimys pattoni++
06Proechimys poliopus++
09Proechimys quadruplicatus+++++
04Proechimys roberti+
02Proechimys semispinosus+++
01Proechimys simonsi+++++
09Proechimys steerei+++
06Proechimys trinitatus+
06Proechimys urichi+

References

  1. Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Genus Proechimys". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1584–1588. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Patton, James L.; Da Silva, Maria Nazareth F.; Malcolm, Jay R. (2000-01-01). "Mammals of the Rio Juruá and the evolutionary and ecological diversification of Amazonia" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 244: 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2000)244<0001:MOTRJA>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0090.
  3. Galewski, Thomas; Mauffrey, Jean-François; Leite, Yuri L. R.; Patton, James L.; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. (2005). "Ecomorphological diversification among South American spiny rats (Rodentia; Echimyidae): a phylogenetic and chronological approach". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 34 (3): 601–615. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.015. PMID 15683932.
  4. Upham, Nathan S.; Patterson, Bruce D. (2012). "Diversification and biogeography of the Neotropical caviomorph lineage Octodontoidea (Rodentia: Hystricognathi)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (2): 417–429. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.020. PMID 22327013.
  5. Fabre, Pierre-Henri; Galewski, Thomas; Tilak, Marie-ka; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. (2013-03-01). "Diversification of South American spiny rats (Echimyidae): a multigene phylogenetic approach". Zoologica Scripta. 42 (2): 117–134. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00572.x. ISSN 1463-6409.
  6. Loss, Ana; Moura, Raquel T.; Leite, Yuri L. R. (2014). "Unexpected phylogenetic relationships of the painted tree rat Callistomys pictus (Rodentia: Echimyidae)" (PDF). Natureza on Line. 12: 132–136.
  7. Fabre, Pierre-Henri; Vilstrup, Julia T.; Raghavan, Maanasa; Der Sarkissian, Clio; Willerslev, Eske; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P.; Orlando, Ludovic (2014-07-01). "Rodents of the Caribbean: origin and diversification of hutias unravelled by next-generation museomics". Biology Letters. 10 (7): 20140266. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0266. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 4126619. PMID 25115033.
  8. Upham, Nathan S.; Patterson, Bruce D. (2015). "Evolution of Caviomorph rodents: a complete phylogeny and timetree for living genera". In Vassallo, Aldo Ivan; Antenucci, Daniel (eds.). Biology of caviomorph rodents: diversity and evolution. Buenos Aires: SAREM Series A, Mammalogical Research — Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos. pp. 63–120.
  9. Fabre, Pierre-Henri; Upham, Nathan S.; Emmons, Louise H.; Justy, Fabienne; Leite, Yuri L. R.; Loss, Ana Carolina; Orlando, Ludovic; Tilak, Marie-Ka; Patterson, Bruce D.; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. (2017-03-01). "Mitogenomic Phylogeny, Diversification, and Biogeography of South American Spiny Rats". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (3): 613–633. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw261. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 28025278.
  10. Pine, R. H.; Pine, N. E.; Bruner, S. D. (1981). "Mammalia". In Hurlbert, Stuart H.; Rodríguez, Gilberto; dos Santos, Newton Dias (eds.). Aquatic biota of tropical South America: being a compilation of taxonomic bibliographies for the fauna and flora of inland waters of the tropical portion of South America. San Diego: San Diego State University. pp. 267–298.
  11. 1 2 Patton, James L. (1987). "Species groups of spiny rats, genus Proechimys (Rodentia: Echimyidae)". Fieldiana: Zoology, Studies in Neotropical Mammalogy: Essays in Honor of Philip Hershkovitz. 39: 305–345. ISSN 0015-0754.
  12. 1 2 Da Silva, Maria Nazareth F. (1998). "Four New species of spiny rats of the genus Proechimys (Rodentia : Echimyidae) from the Western Amazon of Brazil". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 111: 436–471. ISSN 0006-324X.
  13. 1 2 3 Patton, James L.; Leite, Rafael N. (2015-03-09). "Genus Proechimys J. A. Allen, 1899". In Patton, James L.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F. J.; D’Elía, Guillermo (eds.). Mammals of South America, Volume 2: Rodents. University of Chicago Press. pp. 950–989. ISBN 9780226169606.
  14. 1 2 Lord, Rexford D. (2007-01-30). Mammals of South America. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 173. ISBN 9780801884948.
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