Robert Pollack
Sep 1982
Born (1940-09-02) September 2, 1940
New York City, US
Alma materColumbia College (BA), Brandeis University (PhD)
Scientific career
FieldsBiology
InstitutionsColumbia University
Websitehttps://scienceandsociety.columbia.edu/directory/robert-e-pollack

Robert Elliot Pollack is an American biologist whose interests cross many academic lines. He grew up in Brooklyn, attended public schools, and majored in physics at Columbia University, where he graduated from the College in 1961. He received a PhD in Biological Sciences from Brandeis University in 1966, and subsequently was a postdoctoral Fellow in Pathology with Howard Green at NYU Medical center, and at the Weizmann Institute in Israel with Ernest Winocour. He was then recruited to Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory by James Watson to establish a research program on reversion of cancer cells. He became a tenured Associate Professor of Microbiology at the Stony Brook University Medical Center before returning to Columbia as a Professor of Biological Sciences in 1978. He served as Dean of Columbia College from 1982 to 1989, overseeing the enrollment of women in the College for the first time. 

He remains at Columbia as a Professor of Biological Sciences, and also serves as Director of The University Seminars; he is the fifth Director since its founding in 1944.  He is also a member of the Affiliate Faculty of the American Studies Program. From 1999-2012, he was the Director of the Center for the Study of Science and Religion, a program within Columbia’s Earth Institute. In 2014 his interest in questions that lie at the intersection of science and subjectivity, coupled with the gift of an endowment from College alumnus Harvey Krueger ’51, led him to establish the Research Cluster on Science and Subjectivity, a project within Columbia’s Center for Science and Society. 

In addition to these activities, Pollack has authored many research reports, reviews, articles, and opinion pieces on molecular biology, medical ethics and science education. For the academic year 1993–1994 he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in science writing.[1] He has written or edited ten books, including Signs of Life: the Language and Meanings of DNA (1994),[2] which won the Lionel Trilling Award and has been translated into six languages, The Faith of Biology and the Biology of Faith: Order, meaning and free will in modern science (2000), and The Missing Moment: How the unconscious shapes modern science (1999).[3]

Education and early life

Robert Elliot Pollack was born on September 2, 1940, in Brooklyn, NY, growing up in the south Brooklyn neighborhood of Seagate.[4] His parents had not finished high school;[5] his father ran a factory, manufacturing cardboard boxes.[4] He attended Abraham Lincoln High School and studied at Columbia College, graduating in 1961 with a physics major.[6] While at Columbia, he was a member of Jester of Columbia[7] and Columbia Daily Spectator.[8][9][10][11] He took a freshman Core Course with Robert Belknap,[12] whom he later succeeded as the Director of University Seminars at Columbia University.[13] His favorite professors were Sidney Morgenbesser and Richard Neustadt, who taught philosophy and government, respectively.[4] He worked as a laboratory assistant under the direction of Arno Penzias, then a graduate student in the lab of Charles H. Townes.[14] Upon graduation, Pollack received a New York State Regents Teaching Fellowship to pursue graduate work at Brandeis University,[15] examining differential expression of leucine transfer RNA in different strains of Escherichia coli following T2 or T4 virus infection.[16]

Research

In 1968, Pollack published the first demonstration of reversion, wherein certain cancer cells demonstrated decreased growth and increased contact inhibition, thereafter being considered as reverted to a more normal non-oncogenic phenotype.[17] Reversion was later suggested as a potential cancer treatment, based on drugs selecting for stable revertant cells.[18] Pollack's work sparked a novel subfield of cancer research, elucidating the distinct mechanisms directing cell reversion.[19]

Academic Career

Microbiologist

Graduating with a PhD in Biology from Brandeis University in 1966, he spent sixteen years as a research scientist, completing postdoctoral work at both N.Y.U. Medical Center and the Weizmann Institute in Israel, serving as a senior scientist at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory from 1971 to 1975, becoming an Associate Professor of Biology at Stonybrook University from 1975 to 1978, and finally running his own laboratory as a full Professor of Biology at Columbia University.[4]

Dean of Columbia College

Pollack served as Dean of Columbia College from 1982 to 1989.[20] At the time of his appointment, the College was firmly within the Sovern era, facing a severe financial crisis, student protests related to South African divestment and concerns regarding the quality of student life, following the institution of co-education and subsequently declining admissions rates.[21]

Student Life

Notably, Pollack oversaw the admission of the first female-inclusive class in 1983,[22][23] appointing a co-education coordinator to facilitate the transition.[24][25][26] At the same time, he engineered a merger between the athletics programs of Barnard College and Columbia College.[27] He pushed for renovations to the main student life center, later rebuilt as Alfred Lerner Hall.[28]

Pollack forwarded initiatives to ensure guaranteed housing for all students.[29] A contemporary editorial by the Managing Board of the Columbia Daily Spectator noted that: "College Dean Robert Pollack is clinging to his guarantee of housing for all freshmen like a mother bear to its threatened cub."[30] In addition to the acquisition of the Carlton Arms dormitory, he pushed for the construction of a new dorm on 115th street,[31] which eventually became Schapiro Hall.[32]

In the face of significant financial constraints,[33][34][35] Pollack vigourously and successfully defended Columbia College's need-blind admissions policy with alumni donations.[36][37][38] A focus within his tenure was to support a more racially and ethnically diverse student body.[39][40]

South African Divestment

In response to increasing student activism related to divestment from South Africa, the Columbia University Senate voted on March 25, 1983, to recommend total divestment, which was in turn rejected by the Trustees of the University.[41] In response, the University Senate appointed Pollack, alongside Louis Henkin and then-student Barbara Ransby, to a seven-member committee, charged with researching university divestment and reporting their results to the trustees.[42] Pollack was selected to chair the committee.[43] Due to opposition from Ransby, the report could not be presented to the University Senate by the end of the 1984 academic year.[44][45] In response, Pollack directly requested that Columbia University President Michael Sovern recommend that the trustees freeze investments in South Africa,[46] a principal recommendation of the report, which thereafter became known as the Pollack Report.[47][48][49] The trustees responded favorably to Pollack's request, instituting a freeze on new investments in June, 1984.[50] The committee, containing a new student representative,[51] approved the report on November 15, 1984,[52] followed by ratification in December, 1984 by the University Senate.[53] In addition to a freeze on investments, the report recommended the formation of a consortium of universities to organize against apartheid, the continuous monitoring of current South African investments by a standing committee, and the funding of educational programs to study social politics in South Africa.[54] Although Pollack strongly defended the committee's work,[55] student activists continued to push for total divestment, organizing a fast[56] and protest simultaneously,[57] blockading the entrance to Hamilton Hall for three weeks.[58][59][60] While the trustees accepted only three proposals from the Pollack Report, choosing to maintain the temporary investment freeze agreed to with Pollack in 1984,[61] a worsening human rights situation in South Africa led to Pollack and other university administrators to also push for total divestment.[62] The trustees thereafter accepted a two-year divestment plan in October, 1985, making Columbia University the first private institution to move toward total divestment.[63][64][65] In order to fund the educational programs recommended by the Pollack Report, the University received a one million dollar grant in 1986 from the Ford Foundation to fund interdisciplinary courses in human rights.[66]

Co-Chair of the Jewish Campus Life Fund

Near the end of his term as Dean and afterwards, Pollack was considered for a wide variety of academic at other universities, including as provost at University of Pennsylvania,[67][68] as president of University of Vermont,[69][70] as president of Bowdoin College,[71] and as president of Brandeis University.[72] He ultimately continued as Professor of Biological Sciences at Columbia University, becoming the Co-Chair of the Jewish Campus Life Fund.[14] In this role, he convinced Robert Kraft to donate the necessary funds to establish the Robert K. Kraft Family Center for Jewish Student Life at Columbia, which opened in 2000.[73][74][75][76][77] He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1993 to write a book on the definition of disease.[78][79] From these efforts arose Pollack's first book geared for the general public, entitled Signs of Life: the Language and Meanings of DNA (1994).[80]

Director of the Center for the Study of Science and Religion

Pollack founded the Center for the Study of Science and Religion, later renamed the Research Cluster for Science and Subjectivity, in 1999, receiving a number of notable funding grants to power its operations, spanning diverse colloquial efforts, undergraduate course support, and a medical writer-in-residence program.[81] In 2000, he published The Faith of Biology and the Biology of Faith: Order, meaning and free will in modern science, examining the relationship between religious belief and scientific practice.[82] Originally presented at the Columbia University Seminar 1999 Leonard Hastings Schoff Memorial Lecture,[83] the text was republished in 2013, with a new preface emphasizing individual responsibility over scientific institutions, in discussing the role of free will in scientific practice.[84]

Pollack later changed the mission of the RCSS to focus on empowering undergraduate projects.[85] An exemplar of this vision is the fully-funded Black Undergraduate Mentorship Program in Biology at Columbia, providing summer research housing stipends and significant individualized mentorship, with support from both Harmen Bussemaker and Nobel Laureate Martin Chalfie.[86] Pollack retired as director in 2023.[87] He continues to serve on the advisory board of the RCSS and as an executive committee member for the Center for Science and Society.[88][89]

Teaching

Pollack has taught a variety of lecture and seminar style courses at Columbia University, including, [BIOL W2001] Environmental Biology, [BIOL W3500] Independent research, [BIOL G4065] Molecular Biology of Disease, [RELI V2660] Science & Religion East & West, and [EEEBGU4321] Human Nature: DNA, Race & Identity: Our Bodies, Our Selves.[90][91] Arriving at Columbia in 1978,[92] he soon joined the Columbia College Committee on Instruction,[93] responsible for approving academic policy changes, new courses, and new major proposals.[94] Pollack has been a consistent supporter of the Core Curriculum as a mandatory component of undergraduate education.[95][96]

Pollack was an early advocate for the inclusion of science curriculum within Columbia's Core Curriculum.[97][98] To accomplish this goal, Pollack, alongside Herbert Goldstein and Jonathon Gross, developed a course entitled the Theory and Practice of Science, aimed at providing scientific literacy to the general student population, funded by a $30,000 grant from the Exxon Mobil Foundation along with an anonymous $30,000 donation, later revealed to be a personal donation from Columbia University President Michael Sovern.[99][100][101] Based on a belief that fundamental scientific papers double as literary masterpieces,[102] Pollack's portion of the course was organized around key publications in biochemistry, evolution, and genetics.[103] In 1983, the course received an additional $240,000 in support from the Mellon Foundation.[104] Although the course was taught for at least fourteen years,[105] it failed enter the core curriculum, due to concerns regarding the breadth of technical concepts within the discussed works.[106] Pollack later contributed[107] to and taught[108] in Frontiers of Science,[109] a general science curriculum developed by David Helfand[110] and Darcy Kelley, former instructors for The Theory and Practice of Science,[111] which was added to the Core Curriculum in 2005.[112][113]

Personal life

Pollack is married to Amy Steinberg, an artist.[114][115][116] They co-authored The Course of Nature: A Book of Drawings on Natural Selection and Its Consequences (2014), consisting of Steinberg's drawings and Pollack's commentary.[117] Their daughter Marya Pollack, who graduated as a member of the first coeducational class of students from Columbia College in 1987,[115] is an attending physician at New York Presbyterian Hospital and Assistant Clinical Professor in Psychiatry at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.[118]

Books

In addition to his academic and administrative positions, Pollack has written many articles and books on diverse subjects, ranging from laboratory science to religious ethics.

  • Readings in mammalian cell culture, first edition (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1975) ISBN 0879691166
  • Readings in mammalian cell culture, second edition (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1982) ISBN 9780879691370
  • Signs of Life: The Language and Meanings of DNA (Houghton Mifflin, 1994) ISBN 0395735300
  • The Missing Moment: How the Unconscious shapes Modern Science (Houghton Mifflin, 1999) ISBN 0395709857
  • The Faith of Biology and the Biology of Faith (Columbia University Press, 2000) ISBN 9780231529051
  • The Faith of Biology and the Biology of Faith, With a New Preface by the Author (Columbia University Press, 2013) ISBN 9780231115070
  • The Course of Nature: A Book of Drawings on Natural Selection and Its Consequences (Stony Creek Press, 2014) ISBN 1499122241

References

  1. ↑ "Robert E. Pollack". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.
  2. ↑ "Review of Signs of Life by Robert Pollack". Kirkus Reviews. December 1, 1993.
  3. ↑ Hall, Stephen S. (December 19, 1999). "Review of The Missing Moment by Robert Pollack". NY Times.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Katz, James C. (September 1, 1982). "Around the Quads: A life spent asking questions". Columbia College Today.
  5. ↑ Pollack, Robert. "Commemoration of Robert Belknap" (PDF). Columbia University - Department of Biological Sciences.
  6. ↑ Gelder, Lawrence Van (October 2, 1983). "STUDY OF LIFE LEADS TO LIFE AS DEAN". New York Times. ProQuest 424798602.
  7. ↑ "Elect Paul Nagano New Jester Head". Columbia Spectator. April 13, 1959.
  8. ↑ "The Supplement". Columbia Spectator. November 18, 1960.
  9. ↑ "The Supplement". Columbia Spectator. December 13, 1960.
  10. ↑ "The Supplement". Columbia Spectator. February 17, 1961.
  11. ↑ "The Supplement". Columbia Spectator. March 16, 1961.
  12. ↑ Pollack, Robert. "Commemoration of Robert Belknap" (PDF). Columbia University - Department of Biological Sciences.
  13. ↑ "About Bob Pollack". WordPress. 18 October 2013.
  14. 1 2 Pollack, Robert. "Seeing and Knowing". Columbia Current.
  15. ↑ "71 Fellowships Won by Seniors". Columbia Spectator. June 5, 1961.
  16. ↑ Pollack, Robert E. (1 July 1966). "Changes in Leucine-Specific sRNA after Infection of E. coli by Phages T2 and T4". Journal of General Physiology. 49 (6): 1139–1145. doi:10.1085/jgp.0491139. PMC 3328318. PMID 5332365.
  17. ↑ Pollack, R E; Green, H; Todaro, G J (May 1968). "Growth control in cultured cells: selection of sublines with increased sensitivity to contact inhibition and decreased tumor-producing ability". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 60 (1): 126–133. Bibcode:1968PNAS...60..126P. doi:10.1073/pnas.60.1.126. PMC 539091. PMID 4297915.
  18. ↑ Powers, Scott; Pollack, Robert E. (April 2016). "Inducing stable reversion to achieve cancer control". Nature Reviews Cancer. 16 (4): 266–270. doi:10.1038/nrc.2016.12. PMID 27458638. S2CID 25582297.
  19. ↑ Cho, Kwang-Hyun; Lee, Soobeom; Kim, Dongsan; Shin, Dongkwan; Joo, Jae Il; Park, Sang-Min (April 2017). "Cancer reversion, a renewed challenge in systems biology". Current Opinion in Systems Biology. 2: 49–58. doi:10.1016/j.coisb.2017.01.005.
  20. ↑ "Deans of the College". Columbia College.
  21. ↑ Sandomir, Richard (22 January 2020). "Michael I. Sovern, Who Led Columbia in Eventful Era, Dies at 88". The New York Times.
  22. ↑ Froehlich, Richard (April 6, 1982). "CC biology prof picked to be new College dean". Columbia Spectator.
  23. ↑ Staff, Spectator (August 29, 1983). "At Last 229-year tradition ends as College women arrive". Columbia Spectator.
  24. ↑ Froehlich, Richard (November 19, 1982). "CC looks for coordinator to ease coed transition". Columbia Spectator.
  25. ↑ Froehlich, Richard (December 6, 1982). "College still has to pick coordinator for coeducation". Columbia Spectator.
  26. ↑ Bashman, Howard (February 22, 1983). "CC picks coed coordinator". Columbia Spectator.
  27. ↑ Greene, Liz; Butler, Charles (March 3, 1983). "Bears turn into Lions: consortium is okayed Athletes, coaches pleased with deal". Columbia Spectator.
  28. ↑ Oswald, John (November 5, 1986). "FBH fix-up stalls over budgeting". Columbia Spectator.
  29. ↑ "Housing Guaranteed to All Undergraduates". Columbia Spectator. December 13, 1999.
  30. ↑ "Remember The Carlton?". Columbia Spectator. September 6, 1983.
  31. ↑ Froehlich, Richard (August 11, 1982). "Columbia contemplating increase in class size, dorm to go on 115th". Columbia Spectator.
  32. ↑ Berger, Joseph (1988-08-26). "New Dorm at Columbia Means Diversity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
  33. ↑ Bashman, Howard (January 25, 1983). "CU puts aid limit on College, SEAS May end need-blind admissions". Columbia Spectator.
  34. ↑ "MISSING PIECES: SEAS may deny aid". Columbia Spectator. February 3, 1983.
  35. ↑ Genachowski, Julius (February 11, 1983). "Low Library aid policy jeopardizes need-blind CC, SEAS scramble for aid funds". Columbia Spectator.
  36. ↑ Lewis, Mark (March 7, 1983). "CC, SEAS using new tactics to get gifts". Columbia Spectator.
  37. ↑ Kornhauser, Anne (April 11, 1983). "CC gets $1 million for financial aid from Beller family". Columbia Spectator.
  38. ↑ "Editorials: Need-blind must stay top priority". Columbia Spectator. February 20, 1984.
  39. ↑ Lynch, Hollis R. (February 22, 1983). "After bad start, CU must be more representative". Columbia Spectator.
  40. ↑ Cameron, Roger (February 28, 1983). "Prospective minority students lured in weekend". Columbia Spectator.
  41. ↑ Froehlich, Richard (September 26, 1983). "Senate rethinks pro-divest stance". Columbia Spectator.
  42. ↑ Froehlich, Richard (October 17, 1983). "Senate forms new panel on S. Africa". Columbia Spectator.
  43. ↑ Schimek, Paul (October 17, 1983). "University can set precedent on divestment issue: Pollack". Columbia Spectator.
  44. ↑ Bashman, Howard J. (April 19, 1984). "One holds out on investment report". Columbia Spectator.
  45. ↑ Bashman, Howard J. (April 26, 1984). "Ransby opposes plan to freeze investment". Columbia Spectator.
  46. ↑ Bashman, Howard J. (May 16, 1984). "Trustees to consider freeze option on S.A." Columbia Spectator.
  47. ↑ Feldman, Jeremy J. (June 13, 1984). "Pollack and Sovern become focus of divestment debate". Columbia Spectator.
  48. ↑ "Editorial: What happened to divestment?". Columbia Spectator. November 26, 1984.
  49. ↑ "The Pollack Committee Report". Columbia College Today. June 1, 1985.
  50. ↑ Feldman, Jeremy J. (June 6, 1984). "Trustees freeze investments". Columbia Spectator.
  51. ↑ Kornhauser, Anne (October 5, 1984). "Students critical of divest panel appointment". Columbia Spectator.
  52. ↑ Kornhauser, Anne (November 16, 1984). "Pollack group finally okays report". Columbia Spectator.
  53. ↑ Kornhauser, Anne (December 3, 1984). "Senate passes S. Africa freeze resolution". Columbia Spectator.
  54. ↑ "Spectrum S. Africa: Freeze or thaw? The four point plan". Columbia Spectator. November 29, 1984.
  55. ↑ Pollack, Robert (November 29, 1984). "From the Committee: Freeze is not a 'compromise'". Columbia Spectator.
  56. ↑ Murphy, Jacqueline Shea (March 25, 1985). "Coalition begins protest fast today". Columbia Spectator.
  57. ↑ Schwartz, Elizabeth; Kornhauser, Anne (April 7, 1985). "Hamilton blockade In 4th day; 8 students warned; fast still on". Columbia Spectator.
  58. ↑ "Protestors blockade Hamilton". Columbia Spectator. April 5, 1985.
  59. ↑ Kornhauser, Anne (April 12, 1985). "Talks end between blockaders and CU: No agreement on amnesty issue". Columbia Spectator.
  60. ↑ Rohter, Larry (April 5, 1985). "COLUMBIA STUDENTS TO END ANTI-APARTHEID PROTEST". New York Times.
  61. ↑ Murphy, Jacqueline Shea (July 24, 1985). "Trustees delaying freeze decision". Columbia Spectator.
  62. ↑ West, Steve (August 28, 1985). "S. Af. freeze decision is postponed". Columbia Spectator.
  63. ↑ Kornhauser, Anne (August 29, 1985). "CU plans full divestment". Columbia Spectator.
  64. ↑ Schoolmeester, Kelly (July 2, 2010). "Columbia University students win divestment from apartheid South Africa, United States, 1985". Swarthmore College.
  65. ↑ West, Steve; Lynch, Jennifer (October 8, 1985). "Trustees vote for divestment". Columbia Spectator.
  66. ↑ Chipman, Andrea (February 19, 1986). "Ford grant to expand human rights center". Columbia Spectator.
  67. ↑ Connor, Tracy; Luhby, Tami (July 15, 1987). "Pollack considered for Penn Provost spot". Columbia Spectator.
  68. ↑ Connor, Tracy (July 29, 1987). "CC Dean Pollack not chosen for Penn provost spot". Columbia Spectator.
  69. ↑ Danis, Kirsten (April 19, 1990). "Pollack: Next UVM prez?". Columbia Spectator.
  70. ↑ Reza, Elizabeth (July 18, 1990). "Pollack nixed for UVM spot". Columbia Spectator.
  71. ↑ Pollack, Robert (November 11, 1989). "Handwritten letter from Robert Pollack to James D. Watson". CSHL Archives Repository.
  72. ↑ Roston, Eric (February 22, 1991). "Former CC dean up for Brandeis job". Columbia Spectator.
  73. ↑ Vadino, Dian (March 20, 1995). "Trustees approve $6M Jewish center". Columbia Spectator.
  74. ↑ Trimel, Suzanne (March 30, 2000). "The Dedication Of The Robert K. Kraft Family Center For Jewish Student Life Is Sunday, April 2, at 1 p.m." Columbia News.
  75. ↑ Trimel, Suzanne (March 30, 2000). "The Dedication Of The Robert K. Kraft Family Center For Jewish Student Life Is Sunday, April 2, at 1 p.m." Columbia News.
  76. ↑ Goldman, Julianna (April 3, 2000). "Dancing Presidents Help Dedicate Jewish Center". Columbia Spectator.
  77. ↑ Schwartz, Robyn (April 12, 2000). "Rabbis Inaugurate New Jewish Student Center". Columbia Spectator.
  78. ↑ "Robert E. Pollack". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.
  79. ↑ Bickley, Saara (April 16, 1993). "Faculty members receive fellowships". Columbia Spectator.
  80. ↑ "Review of Signs of Life by Robert Pollack". Kirkus Reviews. December 1, 1993.
  81. ↑ Trimel, Suzanne (October 30, 2000). "Center for Study of Science and Religion Receives $100,000 Templeton Grant". Columbia University News.
  82. ↑ Pollack, Robert E. (31 December 2000), The Faith of Biology and the Biology of Faith: Order, Meaning, and Free Will in Modern Medical Science, doi:10.7312/poll11506, ISBN 9780231529051
  83. ↑ "Leonard Hastings Schoff Memorial Lecture Series". Columbia University Seminars. Columbia University. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  84. ↑ Pollack, Robert (2013). The faith of biology & the biology of faith: order, meaning, and free will in modern medical science (Paperback ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231115070.
  85. ↑ "Rethinking Our Vision of Success".
  86. ↑ "Seed Grant Award: Black Undergraduate Mentorship Program (BUMP) in Biology at Columbia". Columbia University. Office of the Provost. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  87. ↑ "2022-2023 Year in Review". Center for Science and Society. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  88. ↑ Zhang, Dennis. "Robert E. Pollack". Research Cluster on Science and Subjectivity. Columbia University. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  89. ↑ "Robert E. Pollack". Center for Science and Society. Columbia University. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  90. ↑ "Robert Pollack". CULPA.
  91. ↑ "EEEBGU4321 Spring 2019 Syllabus" (PDF). Columbia Center for Science and Society.
  92. ↑ "Robert E. Pollack". Columbia University Center for Science and Society.
  93. ↑ Tabios, Eileen (September 24, 1980). "Officials seek to draw A&S closer into centralized planning process". Columbia Spectator.
  94. ↑ "Columbia College Committee on Instruction". Columbia Undergraduate Admissions.
  95. ↑ Failer, Lisa (December 2, 1982). "Profs defend core as 'timeless'". Columbia Spectator.
  96. ↑ Pollack, Robert (December 1, 1987). "No received truths, no forbidden thoughts". Columbia College Today.
  97. ↑ Pollack, Robert (November 1, 1981). "From Theory to Praxis". Columbia College Today.
  98. ↑ Magnani, Jared (November 5, 1987). "Pollack calls science necessary for the complete scholar". Columbia Spectator.
  99. ↑ Waldman, Mike (July 29, 1981). "CC starting new science course". Columbia Spectator.
  100. ↑ "New College Course Seeks to Reduce 'Scientific Illiteracy'". Columbia University Record. September 11, 1981.
  101. ↑ Hill, Douglas (April 15, 1982). "New dean does not like idea of 'science hum' core course". Columbia Spectator.
  102. ↑ Rhodes, Richard (October 16, 1996). How to write : advice and reflections. William Morrow & Co. ISBN 978-0688149482.
  103. ↑ "Syllabus, SCIENCE C1002y: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SCIENCE-BIOLOGY". Project 2061. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  104. ↑ Craig, Jeffrey (May 17, 1983). "Science Hum gets $240G donation". Columbia Spectator.
  105. ↑ Pollack, Robert (April 1, 1995). The Theory and Practice of Science - Biology. Columbia University Archives. Retrieved 2 July 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  106. ↑ "Insistent Change: Columbia's Core Curriculum at 100". Columbia University Libraries. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  107. ↑ McPhearson, Timon P.; Gill, Stuart P.D.; Pollack, Robert; Sable, Julia E. "Increasing Scientific Literacy in Undergraduate Education: A Case Study from "Frontiers of Science" at Columbia University" (PDF). Urban Systems Lab.
  108. ↑ "Robert Pollack". CULPA.
  109. ↑ Pollack, Robert (Feb 23, 2013). "Letter to the Editor". Columbia Spectator.
  110. ↑ "Science as a Liberal Art". Columbia Spectator. April 5, 1983.
  111. ↑ The Theory and Practice of Science. Columbia University Archives. 1 April 1985. Retrieved 2 July 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  112. ↑ "Frontiers of Science receives highest student course evaluation score since its founding - Columbia Spectator". Columbia Daily Spectator. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
  113. ↑ "Frontiers of Science". WikiCU.
  114. ↑ "DEAN OF COLUMBIA COMMITTED TO COEDUCATION". NY Times. November 7, 1982.
  115. 1 2 Katz, James C. (April 1, 1989). "Around the Quads: Robert Pollack resigns as Dean of the College". Columbia College Today.
  116. ↑ "Class Notes: 1961". Columbia College Today. December 1, 2021.
  117. ↑ Pollack, Robert (August 14, 2014). The Course of Nature: A Book of Drawings on Natural Selection and Its Consequences. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1499122244.
  118. ↑ "Marya Pollack". Research Cluster on Science and Subjectivity. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.