Suleiman Shah
Sultanu'l-A'zam el-Ādil[1]
Akçe of Suleiman Shah
Bey of Germiyan
Reign1361–1387
PredecessorMeḥmed Chakhshādan
SuccessorYaʿḳūb II
Died1387
Kula, Germiyān
Burial
Gürhane Medrese, Kula
Consort
Issue
HouseGermiyān
FatherMeḥmed Chakhshādan
ReligionIslam

Suleiman Shah (Old Anatolian Turkish: سليمان شاه; died 1387), also known as Shah Chelebī, was Bey of Germiyān in western Anatolia from 1361 until his death. His reign was initially peaceful, but he was eventually involved in a conflict with the Karamanids, which forced him to seek an alliance with the Ottoman state. He arranged the marriage of his daughter Devletşah Hatun and Murad I's son and successor, Bayezid. Although he secured an alliance with the Ottomans, Germiyān lost considerable land as Suleiman left numerous towns and smaller settlements for them to seize, including the capital Kütahya, as part of the dowry payment. Suleiman relocated to Kula and died there in 1387.

Background

Germiyān first appeared around Malatya in 1239 under Kaykhusraw II's rule of the Sultanate of Rum tasked to subdue Baba Ishāq, and in 1277, they were involved in the fight against Jimrī and Meḥmed of Karaman in western Anatolia. Yaʿḳūb I was the first Bey to rule the state of Germiyān. Although he initially accepted vassalage under Kayḳobād III, the Sultanate of Rum disintegrated shortly after. He was the suzerain of many of his neighbors, and his reign was described as being economically prosperous. He was succeeded by his son Meḥmed, nicknamed Chakhshādan, details about whose rule are largely unknown.[2]

Life

Suleiman was the elder son of Meḥmed Chakhshādan, the second Bey of Germiyān. He ascended to throne upon the death of his father.[3] Suleiman Shah's reign was initially peaceful. However, when Husam al-Dīn Ilyas of Hamid took refuge at his court from ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn of Karaman, Suleiman Shah assisted the Hamidids in recovering their lands lost to the Karamanids. This initiated a rivalry between ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn and Suleiman Shah.[4]

Suleiman Shah sought new alliances as protection from the neighboring Karamanids and the ever-expanding Ottomans. He arranged a marriage between his daughter Devletşah Hatun and Murad I's son Bayezid. Murad I accepted the offer, hoping to expand the Ottoman influence over Anatolia. He sent the Kadi of Bursa Mehmed Efendi, emir-i alem Aksungur Agha, as well as their consorts, Chavushbashi Demirhan, and the nanny of Bayezid to Kütahya to formally request marriage with Suleiman's daughter. Suleiman Shah dispatched the Islamic scholar Ishak Fakih to the Ottoman capital, who returned with a gift from the Ottomans including the famous Germiyan atlas, Denizli clothes, silver, and gold. Moreover, Suleiman gave Kütahya, Simav, Eğrigöz, and Tavşanlı to the Ottomans as part of the dowry. Apart from these towns, many smaller settlements were seized by a force of 2–3,000 Ottoman troops escorting the wedding convoy.[5][lower-alpha 1] The exact reason why he left the capital to the Ottomans is a matter of dispute. Ottoman chroniclers explained it through the rivalry between Karaman and Germiyan and the latter's preference for Ottoman protection. The wedding took place in 1381 in Kütahya,[6] after which Bayezid became the governor of Kütahya, and Suleiman Shah had to recede to Kula, where he died in early 1387 (before April that year)[7] and was buried in Gürhane Medrese.[8]

Suleiman Shah was described as a generous ruler, and many literary works were produced under him. Suleiman had Shaykh-oghlu Muṣṭafā, who was the nishānji, defterdār, and treasurer at Suleiman's court, translate several Persian works to Turkish, Ḳābūs-nāme and Marzbān-nāme. Shaykh-oghlu has also authored a prose, Kanz al-kubarāʾ, and a verse romance, Khurshīdnāme, dedicated to Suleiman Shah. Manuscripts of these works are kept in Istanbul, London, and Paris.[2] Poet Ahmedī first devoted his Iskendernāme to Suleiman Shah but after his death, added a part about the Ottomans and Bayezid I's son Suleiman Chelebī, finalizing the work in February 1390.[8]

The tomb of Suleiman Shah in Kula.

Family

Suleiman Shah had two known consorts: A daughter of Umur of Aydın[9] and Mutahhare Abide Hatun, who was the daughter of Sultan Walad, son of the famous Sufi scholar and poet Rumi.[10] Suleiman's offspring included Hizir Pasha, Burhān al-Dīn Ilyas Pasha, Ḳurd Abdāl,[lower-alpha 2] and Devletşah Hatun, born to Mutahhare Abide Hatun, and his successor Yaʿḳūb II, born to the daughter of Umur.[12] Apart from Devletşah Hatun, Suleiman had numerous other daughters.[8]

Notes

  1. ↑ These settlements were:
    • In the nahiyah of Kütahya: Kızılca-viran, Seydi-köy, Eriklü, Şeyh-ömer, İne-gâzi, Elma-ağacı, Kara-ağaç, Süle-oğlu, Timürcü-viran, Hoca-oğlu, Çomar ve çöplü
    • Yoncalı: Kara-ağaç, Uç-ağacı, Sele-oğlu;
    • Sazanos: Hisar çavdar, Ağar;
    • Tavşanlı: Çukur-viran;
    • Altıntaş: Virancık, Çakır-sazı, Sevdiğin;
    • Simav: Yenice, Kara-abdal;
    • Kula: Akça-in, Balçıklu;
    • Aslan-apa: Kulaksuz, and Güğüm.[5]
  2. ↑ Ḳurd Abdāl (Old Anatolian Turkish: قورد ابدال) was mentioned in an inscription from 1369 located in Seyyid Battal Gazi Complex in Seyitgazi, Eskişehir. The inscription was discovered in 2015, and the name was not mentioned by older sources.[11]

References

  1. ↑ Varlık 1974, p. 54.
  2. 1 2 Mélikoff 1965.
  3. ↑ Varlık 1996, pp. 33–35.
  4. ↑ Uzunçarşılı 1969, p. 45.
  5. 1 2 Varlık 1974, pp. 61–63.
  6. ↑ Varlık 1974, p. 59–60.
  7. ↑ Varlık 1974, p. 66.
  8. 1 2 3 Uzunçarşılı 1969, p. 46.
  9. ↑ Varlık 1974, p. 67.
  10. ↑ Varlık 1974, p. 64.
  11. ↑ Tütüncü 2015, p. 22.
  12. ↑ Turgut 1996, pp. 17–18.

Bibliography

  • Mélikoff, I. (1965). "Germiyān-Og̲h̲ullari̊̊". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume II: C–G (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 495469475.
  • Turgut, Vedat (2017). "Germiyanoğulları'nın Menşei, Vakıfları ve Batı Anadolu'nun Türkleşmesi Meselesi Üzerine". The Journal of Social and Cultural Studies (in Turkish). III (5): 1–98. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  • Tütüncü, Mehmet (May 2015). "Seyitgazi Kurd Abdal Vakfiyesi - 1369 Yılı". Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi (in Turkish): 16–23. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (1969). Anadolu Beylikleri Ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri [Anatolian Beyliks and Aq Qoyunlu, Qara Qoyunlu States] (in Turkish). Turkish Historical Society Press. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  • Varlık, Mustafa Çetin (1974). Germiyan-oğulları tarihi (1300-1429) (in Turkish). Ankara. Retrieved 8 January 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Varlık, Mustafa Çetin (1996). "Germiyanoğulları". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 14 (Geli̇bolu – Haddesenâ) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 33–35. ISBN 978-975-389-441-8.


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