Sudhanoti District
ضلع سدھنوتی
District of Azad Kashmir administered by Pakistan[1]
A view of Cadet College Pallandri in the Sudhanoti District
A view of Cadet College Pallandri in the Sudhanoti District
Interactive map of Sudhanoti district
A map showing Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir (shaded in sage green) in the disputed Kashmir region
A map showing Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir (shaded in sage green) in the disputed Kashmir region[1]
Coordinates (Pallandri Tehsil): 33°40′N 73°43′E / 33.667°N 73.717°E / 33.667; 73.717
Administering countryPakistan
TerritoryAzad Kashmir
DivisionPoonch Division
HeadquartersPallandri
Government
 • TypeDistrict Administration
 • Deputy CommissionerN/A
 • District Police OfficerN/A
 • District Health OfficerN/A
Area
 • Total569 km2 (220 sq mi)
Population
 (2017)[2]
 • Total297,584
 • Density523/km2 (1,350/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialUrdu[3]
 • SpokenGujari; Pahari-Pothwari
Time zoneUTC+5 (PST)
Number of Tehsils4
Websitesudhanoti.com

The Sudhanoti District (also spelled Sudhanuti District) (Urdu: ضلع سدھنوتی), meaning the "heartland of Sudhans" or "Sudhan heartland"),[4][5][6]

It is a district of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region.[1] It is one of the 10 districts of Pakistan-administered dependent territory of Azad Kashmir.[7] The Sudhanoti District is bounded on the north and east by the Poonch District,[8] on the south by the Kotli District, and on the west by the Rawalpindi District of Pakistan's Punjab Province. It is located 90 kilometres (56 mi) from Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan. It is connected with Rawalpindi and Islamabad via the Azad Pattan Road.

The district headquarters is the town of Pallandri. It is at an elevation of 1,372 meters and is at a distance of 97 kilometers from Rawalpindi via the Azad Pattan Road. Pallandri is connected to Rawalakot by a 64-km metalled road.

Map of Azad Kashmir with the Sudhanoti District highlighted in red

Founder Sidhnuti

Nawab Jassi Khan Siddozai was the first Pakhtun ruler who laid the foundations of the Sidhnuti state. He attacked Sidhnuti in 14th century AD, at that time Sidhnuti was ruled by Ladin Bhagads and Ghaghars whose first name was Bhan was ruled by Brahmins who were usurped by the Bhagaras. There were Bhagar Ladin who oppressed the religious Brahmins, so the Brahmins invited Nawab Jassi Khan to attack Bhan Sidhnuti here against this oppression. So Nawab Jassi Khan attacked and conquered it and named it Sidhnuti.[9] [10]

Nawab Jassi Khan Saduzai
The first founder of the Pashtun ruling state of Sadhunati
Portrait of Nawab Jassi Khan 
“The founder of Sidhnuti State
Personal
Born
1370

Ghazni, Afghanistan
DiedMarch 1417 AD
Sidhnuti, Azad Kashmir
NationalityAfghan
CitizenshipAfghan

History

Sudhanoti, whose first name was Bhan Ya (Brahman) who was defeated by the Pashtun Sadozai invaders in the thirteenth century AD, who defeated the Bhagar Rajputs and named it Sudhanoti.[11] The state of Sudhanoti is one of the former ten states of Jammu and Kashmir, Its history is approximately one thousand twelve hundred years old which Sudhanoti was ruled by Brahmins from 830 to 1105 AD.

The Brahman Raj was invaded by the Rajputs of hill Punjab in 1005 and they captured Sudhanoti in 1105. The Bhagar Rajputs ruled Sudhanoti from 1105 to 1360. The Bhagar Rajputs were then attacked by the Afghan chief named Nawab Jassi Khan in 1360 AD, defeating them and establishing their own Sadozai government.

The Sadozai tribe ruled Sudhanoti from 1360 to 1837, Sudhanoti which from 800 to 1837 was called the fully independent state of Sudhanoti, came to an end in the Third Sikh-Sudhanoti War, in which fifty to thirty thousand Sadozai people were killed. The Sikh Khalsa merged with the state of Poonch and brought it under the control of the Lahore government.[12]

Later from 1940 to 1947, it was a tehsil of Jammu province. Thereafter, in 1947, Sudhanoti became the capital of the Azad Kashmir Revolutionary Government, which was the capital of the Azad Kashmir Revolutionary Government from 1947 to 1949.

After that, in 1960, Sidhanoti was divided into four districts, Poonch, Bagh, Kotli, and the rest of Siddhonti was divided into one agency until 1996. After a long time in 1996, this agency was converted into a district.[13][14][15][16]

  • Cultural Heritage Sudhanoti
  • Fort In Pune
  • Fort Bharand
  • Fort Barel
  • Fort Mandhol

History of the name Sudhnuti

The known history of Sidhnuti, whose earlier name was Bhan, dates back to 830 AD Iqbal Darwish, a well-known historian of Siddhnauti, writes in Siddhnauti History that in the 8th century AD, Siddhnauti was ruled by regular Hindu Brahmins. After which the condition of the Brahmins became worse. Historian Fazlahi writes in Sardaran Sidhnuti that the knowledge of the Sidhans is known through awareness. When most of the Afghan chieftains moved from Afghanistan to India in the 14th century AD, among them Afghan Nawab Jassi Khan Saduzai along with three hundred warriors and two hundred women of his tribe, camped in Rawalpindi from different parts of India. The Brahmins of Bhan Sidhnuti who had been persecuted by the Bhagar Rajputs for a long time. They brought this Afghan Nawab to attack the Baghars and Ghaghars occupying their country. So the Afghan Nawab Jassi Khan attacked (Bhan Sidhnuti) and defeated the Baghars and Ghaghars, after which the Brahmins gave Jassi Khan the title of Sidhan on the coronation of Nawab Jissi Khan at Sidhnuti.Which means brave and just. After the Afghan Nawab Jassi Khan gained government control over Bhan, the name was changed from Bhan to Sidhnuti, which means the place of Sidhu's stay.This well-known name Sudhnuti is also recorded in the first Indian census of 1881History of the Muslim Nations of Punjab was written by British officer Lt. Col. JM Wakely when Poonch was part of the British province of Punjab and the Insaf Kot of Poonch was also in Lahore, Punjab. Books were written containing the information obtained from the census of Punjabi Muslims. In which he assigns the name of Sidhnuti to Nawab Jassi Khan, he writes that here Sidhnuti was formerly ruled by Brahmins from whom the Bhagars and Ghaghars had taken away their government and occupied their country. So the Brahmins brought the Afghan Nawab Jassi Khan Saduzai to attack the Bhagars, after which the Afghan Nawab attacked the Bhagars and defeated them and established his government here.The British Lt. Weekley, the author of Kitab Punjab Muslim, writes that after the coronation of the government of Nawab Jassi Khan Saduzai, the Brahmins gave him the title of Sadhan, which means brave and just. So after that the Afghan Nawab Jassi Khan Sidhuzai took control of the government at Bhan and changed its name from Bhan to Sidhnuti which means the place of settlement of Sadhus. [17]

First Government of Sidhnuti Azad Kashmir on October 4,1947

First Government of Sidhnuti Azad Kashmir on October 4, 1947
Observed by Azad Kashmir
Date4 October
Next time4 October 2024 (2024-10-04)
Frequencyannual

Azad Kashmir Fast Government Sadhnuti Azad Kashmir Sudhanoti Azad Kashmir which is the home and center of Pakhtun tribe (Saduzai Sudhan) was established here the first government of Azad Kashmir which is basically called the first and founding government of Azad Kashmir. [18] According to the sources, on October 4, 1947, Sidhnuti was the first area that was liberated from the continuation of the Dogra regime in the areas of the present Azad Kashmir announced.[19] So at that time on October 4, 1947, there was no parliamentary house in Sidhnuti from where the system of government could be run, so this temporary government structure was started from Moti Mahal in Rawalpindi. [20] After that, this rebel revolutionary government prepared a 40-room parliamentary house at Siddhnuti Chonjal Hill within twenty days, after which on October 24, 1947, the same government was shifted from Rawalpindi Moti Mahal to Siddhnuti Chonjal Hill given.[21] According to sources, the Sudhanuti government of Azad Kashmir was transferred to Muzaffarabad on August 1, 1949. One of the main reasons for this transfer of government was the growing differences between the Sudhan tribals and the government of Pakistan. Due to which Pakistan started PC Pak Search Sudhan Operation Baral Agreement on Sudhan tribals, the end of which continued till Baral Agreement. [22]

Administrative divisions

The Sudhanoti District is divided into four tehsils:[23]

Population

Sudhanoti has a population of 297,584 according to the 2017 Census.[2][24]

The main native language is Pahari, spoken by an estimated 95% of the population.[25][26]

Education

According to the Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings 2017, Sudhanoti is ranked 34 out of 155 districts with a score of 68.85 in terms of education. For facilities and infrastructure, the district is ranked last with the very low score of 6.76.[27]

Educational institutes include:

Notable people

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the tertiary sources (a) through (e), reflecting due weight in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (j) below).
    (a) Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 15 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";
    (b) Pletcher, Kenneth, Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 16 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state.";
    (c) "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6 C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
    (d) Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
    (e) Talbot, Ian (2016), A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas, Yale University Press, pp. 28–29, ISBN 978-0-300-19694-8 Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir.";
    (f) Skutsch, Carl (2015) [2007], "China: Border War with India, 1962", in Ciment, James (ed.), Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II (2nd ed.), London and New York: Routledge, p. 573, ISBN 978-0-7656-8005-1, The situation between the two nations was complicated by the 1957–1959 uprising by Tibetans against Chinese rule. Refugees poured across the Indian border, and the Indian public was outraged. Any compromise with China on the border issue became impossible. Similarly, China was offended that India had given political asylum to the Dalai Lama when he fled across the border in March 1959. In late 1959, there were shots fired between border patrols operating along both the ill-defined McMahon Line and in the Aksai Chin.
    (g) Clary, Christopher, The Difficult Politics of Peace: Rivalry in Modern South Asia, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, p. 109, ISBN 9780197638408, Territorial Dispute: The situation along the Sino-Indian frontier continued to worsen. In late July (1959), an Indian reconnaissance patrol was blocked, "apprehended," and eventually expelled after three weeks in custody at the hands of a larger Chinese force near Khurnak Fort in Aksai Chin. ... Circumstances worsened further in October 1959, when a major class at Kongka Pass in eastern Ladakh led to nine dead and ten captured Indian border personnel, making it by far the most serious Sino-Indian class since India's independence.
    (h) Bose, Sumantra (2009), Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace, Harvard University Press, pp. 294, 291, 293, ISBN 978-0-674-02855-5 Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million.), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control."
    (i) Fisher, Michael H. (2018), An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge University Press, p. 166, ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2 Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir.";
    (j) Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, p. 10, ISBN 978-1-84904-621-3 Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."
  2. 1 2 "Population of Districts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir - Sudhanoti District population". Citypopulation.de website. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  3. ↑ Rahman, Tariq (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8.
  4. ↑ Watch (Organization), Human Rights (2006). Pakistan, with Friends Like These. Human Rights Watch.
  5. ↑ Human Rights Watch: "With Friends Like These...". Human Rights Watch.
  6. ↑ Talbot, Ian (28 January 2016). A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-21659-2.
  7. ↑ "AJ&K Portal". www.ajk.gov.pk.
  8. 1 2 "Subdivisions of AJK".
  9. ↑ Ahmad, Pirzada Irshad (2003). A Hand Book on Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Nawab Sons Publication. ISBN 978-969-530-050-3.
  10. ↑ Malik, Iffat (2002), "Jammu Province", Kashmir: Ethnic Conflict International Dispute, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-579622-3
  11. ↑ Wikeley, J. M. (1968). Punjabi Musalmans. Pakistan National Publishers.
  12. ↑ "Sudhanoti Profile". Azad Jammu and Kashmir Government website. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  13. ↑ History of the Punjab Hill States by Hutchison and Vogel, reprinted edition, 2 volumes in 1 Chapter XXIV. 1933 AD
  14. ↑ Balocu, Nabī Bak̲h̲shu K̲h̲ānu (1989). Maulānā Āzād Subḥānī: taḥrīk-i āzādī ke ek muqtadir rahnumā (in Urdu). Idārah-yi Taḥqīqāt-i Pākistān, Dānishgāh-i Panjāb. ISBN 978-969-425-071-7.
  15. ↑ Snedden, Christopher (2013). Kashmir: The Unwritten History. India: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 978-9350298978.
  16. ↑ "Statistical Year Book 2019" (PDF). Statistics Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  17. ↑ Book Punjabi Muslim Lt Col JM Weekley Page 144 https://books.google.com.sa/books?redir_esc=y&id=4MMGAQAAIAAJ&dq=book+punjabi+muslim&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Sudhan+
  18. ↑ Untold Story of Formation of Azad Kashmir Prof. Suresh Chander https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/untold-story-of-formation-of-azad-kashmir/
  19. ↑ Kapur, Manohar Lal (1980). History of Jammu and Kashmir State: The making of the State. Kashmir History Publications.
  20. ↑ the Pakistani and Azad Kashmir Government officials find it convenient not to mention the Provisional Government of 4th October 1947? (Page 163)PDF paper cover thumbnail Azad Kashmir, is it Azad? Dr Shabir ChoudhryDr Shabir Choudhry https://www.academia.edu/43135608/Azad_Kashmir_is_it_Azad
  21. ↑ Mahmud, Ershad. “Status of AJK in Political Milieu.” Policy Perspectives, vol. 3, no. 2, 2006, pp. 105–23. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42922642.Accessed 29 Dec. 2023.
  22. ↑ "Youm-e-Tasees of Azad Jammu and Kashmir". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  23. ↑ "Tehsils of Sudhnoti District on AJK map". ajk.gov.pk. AJK Official Portal. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  24. ↑ "Census 2017: AJK population rises to over 4m". The Nation. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  25. ↑ Statistical Year Book 2020 (PDF). Muzaffarabad: AJ&K Bureau Of Statistics. p. 140. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  26. ↑ Shakil, Mohsin (2012). "Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study)". p. 12.
  27. ↑ "Pakistan District Education Rankings 2017" (PDF). elections.alifailaan.pk. Alif Ailaan. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  28. ↑ Bhattacharya, Samir (2014). NOTHING BUT!. Partridge Publishing. p. 228. ISBN 978-1-48281-787-4.
  29. ↑ "Introduction". Khan Sahib Government College of Technology, Rawalkot. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
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