Voiced alveolar approximant
ɹ
ð̠˕
IPA Number151
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɹ
Unicode (hex)U+0279
X-SAMPAr\ or D_r_o
Braille⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)
Voiced postalveolar approximant
ɹ̠
Audio sample
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The voiced alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is ɹ, a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\.

The most common sound represented by the letter r in English is the voiced postalveolar approximant, pronounced a little more back and transcribed more precisely in IPA as ɹ̠, but ɹ is often used for convenience in its place. For further ease of typesetting, English phonemic transcriptions might use the symbol r even though this symbol represents the alveolar trill in phonetic transcription.

The bunched or molar r sounds remarkably similar to the postalveolar approximant and can be described as a voiced labial pre-velar approximant with tongue-tip retraction. It can be transcribed in IPA as ψ[1] or ɹ̈.

Features

A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced alveolar approximant [ɹ].
A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠].

Features of the voiced alveolar approximant:

Occurrence

Alveolar

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Albaniangjelbër[ˈɟʑɛlbəɹ]'green'
ArmenianClassicalսուրճ[suɹtʃ]'coffee'
Assameseঙা (rônga)[ɹɔŋa]'red'
Assyrian Neo-AramaicAlqosh dialectܪܒ[ɹɑbɑ]'many'Corresponds to /ɾ/ in most other Assyrian dialects.
Tyari dialect
Bengali[2]Especially Eastern dialectsআবা[abaɹ]'again'Phonetic realisation of /r/, especially in some Eastern Dialects and sometimes in conjunct before consonants. Corresponds to [r ~ ɾ] in others. See Bengali phonology
Burmese[3][4]ရိဘောဂ[pəɹḭbɔ́ɡa̰]'furniture'Occurs only in loanwords, mostly from Pali or English.
Chukchiңирэк[ŋiɹek]'two'
Dahalo[5][káð̠˕i]'work'Apical. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̠/, and may be a weak fricative [ð̠] or simply a plosive [d] instead.[6]
DanishStandard[7][8][9]ved[ve̝ð̠˕ˠ]'at'Velarized and laminal; allophone of /d/ in the syllable coda.[7][8][9] For a minority of speakers, it may be a non-sibilant fricative instead.[9] See Danish phonology.
DutchCentral Netherlandicdoor[doːɹ]'through'Allophone of /r/ in the syllable coda for some speakers. See Dutch phonology.
Western Netherlandic
Leidenrat[ɹat]'rat'Corresponds to /r/ in other dialects.
Faroeseróður[ɹɔuwʊɹ]'rudder'See Faroese phonology.
German Moselle Franconian (Siegerland[10] and Westerwald[11] dialects) Rebe[ˈɹeːbə] 'vine'Most other dialects use a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ], a uvular trill [ʀ] or an alveolar trill [r]. See Standard German phonology.
Silesian
Upper Lusatian
Greek[12]μέρα ra[ˈmɛɹɐ]'day'Allophone of /ɾ/ in rapid or casual speech and between vowels. See Modern Greek phonology.
Icelandicbróðir[ˈprou̯ð̠˕ir]'brother'Usually apical. See Icelandic phonology.
LimburgishMontfortian dialect[13]maintenant[ˈmæ̃ːn˦ð̠˕ənɑ̃ː˨]'now'
Persianفارسی[fɒːɹˈsiː]'Persian'Allophone of /ɾ/ before /d/, /l/, /s/, /ʃ/, /t/, /z/, and /ʒ/. See Persian phonology.
PortugueseMultiple Brazilian dialects, mostly inland Centro-Sul[14]amor[aˈmoɹˠ]'love'Allophone of /ɾ ~ ʁ/ in the syllable coda. Velarized, may also be retroflex, post-alveolar and/or a rhotic vowel. See Portuguese phonology.
SpanishAndalusian[15]doscientos[do̞ɹˈθje̞n̪t̪o̞s]'two hundred'Allophone of /s/ before [θ]. See Spanish phonology.
Belizeaninvierno[imˈbjeɹno]'winter'Possible realization of /r/ in the syllable coda due to English influence.
Caribbean Colombian
Puerto Rican
SwedishCentral Standard[16]starkast[ˈs̪t̪äɹːkäs̪t̪]'strongest'Allophone of /r/. Some speakers have [ɾ] ([r] when geminated) in all positions. See Swedish phonology.
Tagalogparang[paɹaŋ]'like-'Allophone of the more usual and traditional flap or trill [ɾ ~ r] and is sometimes thus pronounced by some younger speakers due to exposure to mainstream English.
TurkishMarmara Regionartık[aɹtɯk]'excess, surplus'Occurs as an allophone of [ɾ] in syllable coda, in free variation with post-alveolar [ɹ̠]. See Turkish phonology.
VietnameseSaigon[17]ra[ɹa]'go out'In free variation with [ɾ], [r] and [ʐ]. See Vietnamese phonology.
ZapotecTilquiapan[18]r[ɹd̪ɨ]'pass'Allophone of /ɾ/ before consonants.

Postalveolar

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
EnglishAustralianred[ɹ̠ʷed]'red'Often labialized. May also be a labialized retroflex approximant. For convenience it is often transcribed r. See Australian English phonology, English phonology, Rhoticity in English and Pronunciation of English /r/.
Most American dialects[19][ɹ̠ʷɛd]
Received Pronunciation
Igbo[20]rí[ɹ̠í]'eat'
Malay راتوس / ratus [ɹ̠ä.tos] 'hundred' More commonly trill [r] or flap [ɾ]. See Malay phonology
MalteseSome dialects[21]malajr[mɐˈlɐjɹ̠]'quickly'Corresponds to [ɾ ~ r] in other dialects.[21]
Shipibo[22]roro[ˈd̠ɹ̠o̽ɾ̠o̽]'to break into pieces'Pre-stopped. Possible word-initial realization of /r/.[22]

As an allophone of other rhotic sounds, [ɹ] occurs in Edo, Fula, Murrinh-patha, and Palauan.[23]

See also

Notes

  1. Laver, John (1994). Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge University Press. p. 302. ISBN 0-521-45655-X.
  2. Khan (2010), pp. 223–224.
  3. Cornyn (1944:7)
  4. Watkins (2001)
  5. Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
  6. Maddieson et al. (1993:28, 34)
  7. 1 2 Basbøll (2005:59 and 63)
  8. 1 2 Grønnum (2003:121)
  9. 1 2 3 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:144)
  10. Kohler (1995:165f), cited in Universität zu Köln: Phonologische Analyse
  11. Wäller Platt: Die Aussprache
  12. Arvaniti (2007:15–18)
  13. Bakkes (2007:)
  14. Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21 (in Portuguese)
  15. Recasens (2004:436) citing Fougeron (1999) and Browman & Goldstein (1995)
  16. Engstrand (1999:141)
  17. Thompson (1959:459)
  18. Merrill (2008:109)
  19. Hallé, Best & Levitt (1999:283) citing Delattre & Freeman (1968), Zawadzki & Kuehn (1980), and Boyce & Espy-Wilson (1997)
  20. Ikekeonwu (1999:108)
  21. 1 2 Puech (2013:74)
  22. 1 2 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
  23. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:240–241)

References

  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
  • Bakkes, Pierre (2007), Mofers Waordebook (in Dutch), Stichting Mofers Waordebook, ISBN 978-90-9022294-3
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, OUP Oxford, ISBN 0-19-824268-9
  • Boyce, S.; Espy-Wilson, C. (1997), "Coarticulatory stability in American English /r/", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101 (6): 3741–3753, Bibcode:1997ASAJ..101.3741B, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.16.4174, doi:10.1121/1.418333, PMID 9193061
  • Browman, C.P.; Goldstein, L. (1995), "Gestural syllable position in American English", in Bell-Berti, F.; Raphael, L.J. (eds.), Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues: for Katherine Safford Harris, New York: AIP, pp. 9–33
  • Cornyn, William (1944), Outline of Burmese Grammar, Supplement to Language, vol. 20 no. 4, Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America
  • Delattre, P.; Freeman, D.C. (1968), "A dialect study of American R's by x-ray motion picture", Linguistics, 44: 29–68
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 9780521637510
  • Fougeron, C (1999), "Prosodically conditioned articulatory variation: A Review", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, vol. 97, pp. 1–73
  • Grønnum, Nina (2003), "Why are the Danes so hard to understand?", in Jacobsen, Henrik Galberg; Bleses, Dorthe; Madsen, Thomas O.; Thomsen, Pia (eds.), Take Danish - for instance: linguistic studies in honour of Hans Basbøll, presented on the occasion of his 60th birthday, Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag, pp. 119–130
  • Hallé, Pierre A.; Best, Catherine T.; Levitt, Andrea (1999), "Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of American English approximants", Journal of Phonetics, 27 (3): 281–306, doi:10.1006/jpho.1999.0097
  • Ikekeonwu, Clara I. (1999), "Igbo", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 108–110, ISBN 9780521637510
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010), "Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 221–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000071
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