Arduino is an open source IDE running on Windows, Mac OSX and Linux.
The open-source Arduino environment makes it easy to write code and upload it to the i/o board. It runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The environment is written in Java and based on Processing, avr-gcc, and other open source software.
It comes already with many examples with a wide variety of possibilities. It's currently the simplest way to work with any Arduino board and it's code.
You can import many third party libraries to work together with the basics. Some recent versions include a Library search tool that helps finding many of them.