The msp430 is a family of 16-bit microcontrollers from Texas instruments.
The MSP430 family is designed for low cost, low power consumption embedded applications. The architecture dates from the 1990s and is reminiscent of the DEC PDP-11.
The Wikipedia article contains an extensive description of the architecture and variants, and the home page has an extensive set of technical documents, support tools and products. There is also the developer community.