This PDB is Microsoft's "Program Database" format for debugging symbols, stored in files with a `.pdb` extension.
These are a kind of debugging symbols; you need them to get decent stack traces of MSVC-compiled native programs on Windows, but on .NET they are only really needed for source locations, so that the debugger can find the lines of source code that correspond with each part of the compiled code.
See also the program database article on Wikipedia.
If you want to use information from PDB files in a program, you could use either DbgHelp, a C-level API, or DIA, a COM API w/ .NET bindings.
This tag was split from pdb, which is supposed to be empty now, but might have new questions where the asker didn't know what PDB was relevant (so it would be good to move them here when this is the one).
See also: debug-symbols dia dbghelp windbg