Quantum Computation deals with considering computation as fundamentally physical, as well as replacing the classical binary digit (bit) with the quantum binary digit (qubit). While the classical bit is either 0 or 1, the qubit can be in a superposition of these states. Computation systems that use quantum phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, can solve certain complex problems very quickly.
Related Links
Quantum Computing on Wikipedia
(Textbook) Quantum Computation and Quantum Information: The de-facto standard textbook for learning about quantum computing.
(Video Series) Quantum computing for the determined: Khan-academy-style videos explaining quantum computation, by Michael Nielson (co-author of Quantum Computation and Quantum Information).
Quantum Computing Q&A site on the Stack Exchange network.