Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers Inc.
TypePrivate
IndustryRoller coaster design
Founded1988
Founders
  • Walter Bolliger
  • Claude Mabillard
Headquarters,
Switzerland
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
  • Walter Bolliger
  • Claude Mabillard
Products
Number of employees
37 (2012)
WebsiteOfficial website

Bolliger & Mabillard, officially Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers, Inc. and often abbreviated B&M, is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey, Switzerland. The company was founded in 1988 by engineers Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard, both of whom had worked for Giovanola.[1]

B&M has pioneered several new ride technologies, most notably the inverted roller coaster[2][3] and the box-section track.[4] In 2016, the company completed its 100th roller coaster. B&M currently produces ten types of coaster models: Stand-Up Coaster, Inverted Coaster, Floorless Coaster, Flying Coaster, Hyper Coaster, Dive Coaster, Sitting Coaster, Wing Coaster, Family Coaster, and most recently, the Surf Coaster. Though B&M has not used the term, the company has also manufactured three giga coasters.

History

Roots

Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard started working for Giovanola, a manufacturing company which supplied rides to Intamin, in the 1970s. During their time at Giovanola, they helped design the company's first stand-up roller coaster, Shockwave (at Six Flags Magic Mountain). They also worked on other projects, such as Z-Force (at Six Flags Great America).[5] Bolliger & Mabillard left Giovanola, but the company continued to use their track design; the company's roller coasters Goliath (at Six Flags Magic Mountain) and Titan (at Six Flags Over Texas), use a track style very similar to B&M's.[6][7]

An inverted model with the curved drop, common on inverted roller coasters, Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great Adventure

Launch

In 1987, Giovanola underwent a change of management, and B&M decided to leave and create their own company.[5] At the time, B&M employed four people, including two draftsmen: Bolliger and Mabillard. When B&M was created, the pair had agreed not to make any more amusement attractions.[8][9] However, Robert Mampe, Six Flags Great America's staff engineer, had worked with both men during the construction of Z-Force; he contacted the newly-formed company and asked them to reconfigure the cars for their Giovanola-built, Intamin bobsled coaster, to be relocated from Six Flags Great Adventure.[10]

Following that project, Mampe asked the new company to design and build a stand-up roller coaster for Six Flags Great America, similar to Shockwave at Six Flags Magic Mountain.[10] B&M accepted the offer and hired two more draftsmen. But B&M had a problem regarding how and where to manufacture the track pieces for the roller coaster. With the favorable history of the work done by Clermont Steel Fabricators (on Vortex, Kings Island, and Shockwave, Six Flags Great America), Walter Bolliger went to the steel plant and asked if they would be interested in manufacturing the track. Clermont Steel Fabricators accepted, and to this day, manufactures all of B&M’s roller coaster track pieces for all of North America.[4] Now with a company to manufacture the track, B&M built its first roller coaster, a stand-up roller coaster, Iron Wolf, which opened in 1990 at Six Flags Great America.[8][9] Two years later, Bolliger & Mabillard built another project for Six Flags Great America, Batman: The Ride, the world's first inverted roller coaster, which brought them to prominence in the industry.[11][12]

Development

Bolliger & Mabillard also invented the Floorless Coaster[13] and the Dive Coaster. The company also built its first launched roller coaster, the Incredible Hulk, which is at Islands of Adventure.[14] In 2010, B&M unveiled its new Wing Coaster and premiered the prototype model, named Raptor, at Gardaland in 2011.[15] It has two seats on each side on the car that hang riders over the sides of the track. As of 2019 there are fifteen in operation.[15] In 2015, B&M constructed Thunderbird at Holiday World & Splashin' Safari, its first in-house launched coaster.[16]

By 2010, B&M employed twelve engineers, twelve draftsmen and two draftswomen.[8][9] The company has made other contributions to the roller coaster industry. The company built the trains for the Psyclone, a now-demolished wooden roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain. The trains were later used on the park's Colossus wooden roller coaster (until it was refurbished by Rocky Mountain Construction), but were only used during October each year. The trains faced backward and usually raced against trains on the second track, which ran forward.[17]

In 2013, the company launched the construction of Banshee, the world's longest inverted roller coaster.[18] B&M supplied new trains for Steel Dragon 2000, built by D. H. Morgan Manufacturing in 2000.[19][20] As of 2012, Bolliger & Mabillard had 85 operating roller coasters worldwide.[2] Of these, twenty-two were listed among that year's Amusement Today Golden Ticket Awards Top 50 Steel Coasters List for 2012 and five were in the top 10.

By 2016, Bolliger & Mabillard had completed their 100th coaster, and had built more roller coasters than any other manufacturer on the Golden Ticket Awards Steel Coasters list.[21]

Features

Raptor's cobra roll, a first for inverted roller coasters

Bolliger & Mabillard currently manufactures ten different roller coaster styles: Stand-Up Coaster, Inverted Coaster, Floorless Coaster, Flying Coaster, Hyper Coaster, Dive Coaster, Sitting Coaster, Wing Coaster, Family Coaster and most recently, the Surf Coaster.[22][23] Bolliger & Mabillard has been involved in developing new technologies and concepts in roller coasters almost since its inception. It has often worked with engineer Werner Stengel and with designers and management of client theme parks.[24][25]

Lift hills

Diagram comparing a standard lift hill and the B&M pre-drop lift hill.

Early Bolliger & Mabillard coasters feature an element known as a "pre-drop", a short drop after the top of the lift hill and before the start of the first drop, designed to reduce stress on the lift chain. The flat section between the pre-drop and the first drop serves as a shelf to support the weight of the train, reducing related stresses on the chain. On most coasters without a pre-drop, the weight of the train tends to pull on the lift chain as it begins its descent because the latter half of the train is still being lifted by the chain. Pre-drops have not been used on the company's Dive or Flying coasters, or on hyper coasters built after 1999.[26][27] OzIris at Parc Astérix was the first B&M inverted roller coaster that does not feature a pre-drop.[28] Ever since, no coaster built by B&M has featured a pre-drop[29][30] because the chain accelerates to acquire the same speed as the train when it is being taken over by gravity after it passes the crest .

Trains

Most of Bolliger & Mabillard's roller coaster trains use four-abreast seating. Each car has one row of four seats, while the train length can vary between coasters. All of the company's coaster models, except the Dive Coaster and Wing Coaster use this configuration. The Dive Coaster uses six, seven, eight or ten-abreast seating, with two or three rows of seats. For example, Griffon at Busch Gardens Williamsburg, uses ten seats in three rows, while Krake at Heide Park uses six-across seating in three rows.[31] On recent hyper coaster projects, B&M has used a new car design that has two rows of two seats; the two seats in the rear of the car pushed out from the centerline so that the four seats resemble a V formation. This formation has only been used on Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, Diamondback at Kings Island, Intimidator and Shambhala: Expedición al Himalaya at PortAventura Park, in the resort PortAventura World. In 2013, B&M introduced a new car design that has two rows of two seats, however, they are not in a V formation.[19][20]

All B&M hyper coasters use a type of restraint called a "T-bar" or "Clamshell" restraint, which consists of bar with a cushioned lap bar with two handles for riders to hold on to. This type of restraint generally does not use a seat belt, however seat belts have been added to Behemoth and Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland, Diamondback and Orion at Kings Island, and Intimidator and Fury 325 at Carowinds.[32] Bolliger & Mabillard also uses over-the-shoulder restraints, in that the restraint is placed over the riders' shoulders and sits and extends to the riders' laps. This type of restraint is used on Dive, Inverted, Sitting, Flying, Floorless, Stand-up and Wing Coasters.[33] Bolliger & Mabillard has recently begun using a vest like over the shoulder restraint, which reduces headbanging found on the older, more common padded over the shoulder restraints. These have been met with some criticism from the coaster community, due to the nature in which they tighten during the ride; stapling riders to their seats, resulting in less airtime (negative g-forces) being felt.

CAD model of B&M's signature box-spined track
B&M Friction Brakes Model

Track

A notable feature of Bolliger & Mabillard roller coasters is the box-section track. The running rails are connected to a box-section spine, instead of the circular spine used by other manufacturers. When a train travels around a box-section track, it creates a one-of-a-kind whooshing sound, which is sometimes nicknamed the “B&M roar” by roller coaster enthusiasts. However, on some Bolliger & Mabillard roller coasters, such as Talon at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom and GateKeeper at Cedar Point, the track is filled with a proprietary sound dampening material to reduce this noise.[34]

Also, depending on the model of the roller coaster, the track size can vary. Models such as the Flying, Wing and Dive Coaster have heavier trains which require a larger track size while models with lighter trains, such as the Stand-Up and Hyper Coaster, do not and use a smaller sized track.[4]

Brakes

As of 2016, Bolliger & Mabillard uses three types of braking systems: friction, magnetic, and water.

Friction brakes

When B&M was first founded, the linear magnetic eddy brake had yet to be developed, so it used friction brakes as its main braking system. On the train, pads are fitted on the vehicle chassis between the wheel assemblies. On the brakes, similar pads are connected to steel supports. When the pads on the train come into contact with the brakes, friction is created which slows the train.[35] Beginning with Kumba in 1993, friction brakes have also been used as trim brakes that regulate the speed of the train while it is still navigating the course.[36]

SheiKra's splashdown element

Magnetic brakes

Magnetic brakes provide smoother deceleration than friction brakes; most B&M roller coasters built after 2003 have at least one set of magnetic brakes. Magnetic brakes do not make contact with the train. Metal fins that run parallel to the train are fitted on the vehicle chassis between the wheel assemblies. As the fins pass through the brakes, the magnetic field created by the brakes slows the train. Magnetic brakes have also been used as an alternate type of trim brake on B&M roller coasters such as Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland.[37]

Water brakes

Water brakes were first introduced on SheiKra at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in 2005.[38] Water brakes can only be used when a splashdown element, in which a body of water surrounds a section of track, is present within the layout of the roller coaster. When scoops on the last car of each train come in contact with the surrounding water, the train slows down and the water is sprayed several feet into the air behind it.[39]

List of roller coasters

Vortex at Carowinds, a Stand-up Coaster model
Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland, a Hyper Coaster model
Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great Adventure, an Inverted Coaster model
Dragon Khan at PortAventura Park, a Sitting Coaster model
Oblivion at Alton Towers, a Dive Coaster model
Hydra at Dorney Park, a Floorless Coaster model
Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, a Hyper Coaster model
Manta at SeaWorld Orlando, a Flying Coaster model
Raptor at Gardaland, first Wing Coaster model

In North America, B&M coaster designs have been manufactured by Ohio company Clermont Steel Fabricators since 1990.[40][41][4] As of 2022, Bolliger & Mabillard has built 124 roller coasters around the world.[42] Some have either been relocated, renamed or closed.

NameModelParkCountryOpenedStatusRef
Batman: The RideInverted CoasterSix Flags Great AmericaUnited States United States1992Operating[12]
VortexStand-Up CoasterCarowindsUnited States United States1992Operating[43]
Batman: The RideInverted CoasterSix Flags Great AdventureUnited States United States1993Operating[44]
Flight Deck
Formerly Top Gun
Inverted CoasterCalifornia's Great AmericaUnited States United States1993Operating[45]
KumbaSitting CoasterBusch Gardens TampaUnited States United States1993Operating[46]
Batman: The RideInverted CoasterSix Flags Magic MountainUnited States United States1994Operating[47]
DiavloInverted CoasterHimeji Central ParkJapan Japan1994Operating[48]
Nemesis RebornInverted CoasterAlton TowersUnited Kingdom United Kingdom1994Undergoing Refurbishment[49]
RaptorInverted CoasterCedar PointUnited States United States1994Operating[50]
Batman: The RideInverted CoasterSix Flags St. LouisUnited States United States1995Operating[51]
Dragon KhanSitting CoasterPortAventura ParkSpain Spain1995Operating[52]
MontuInverted CoasterBusch Gardens TampaUnited States United States1996Operating[53]
AlpengeistInverted CoasterBusch Gardens WilliamsburgUnited States United States1997Operating[54]
Batman: The RideInverted CoasterSix Flags Over GeorgiaUnited States United States1997Operating[55]
PyreneesInverted CoasterParque Espana-Shima Spain VillageJapan Japan1997Operating[56]
Great WhiteInverted CoasterSeaWorld San AntonioUnited States United States1997Operating[57]
OblivionDive CoasterAlton TowersUnited Kingdom United Kingdom1998Operating[58]
Great BearInverted CoasterHersheyparkUnited States United States1998Operating[59]
The Riddler's RevengeStand-Up CoasterSix Flags Magic MountainUnited States United States1998Operating[60]
Afterburn
Formerly Top Gun - The Jet Coaster
Inverted CoasterCarowindsUnited States United States1999Operating[61]
Medusa
Formerly Bizarro
Floorless CoasterSix Flags Great AdventureUnited States United States1999Operating[62]
Incredible HulkSitting CoasterUniversal Islands of AdventureUnited States United States1999Operating[63]
Dragon Challenge
Formerly Dueling Dragons
Inverted CoasterUniversal Islands of AdventureUnited States United States1999Removed[64]
Batman: The RideInverted CoasterSix Flags Over TexasUnited States United States1999Operating[65]
Raging BullHyper CoasterSix Flags Great AmericaUnited States United States1999Operating[66]
Georgia ScorcherStand-Up CoasterSix Flags Over GeorgiaUnited States United States1999Operating[67]
Apollo's ChariotHyper CoasterBusch Gardens WilliamsburgUnited States United States1999Operating[68]
Kraken
Formerly Kraken Unleashed
Floorless CoasterSeaWorld OrlandoUnited States United States2000Operating[69]
MedusaFloorless CoasterSix Flags Discovery KingdomUnited States United States2000Operating[70]
KatunInverted CoasterMirabilandiaItaly Italy2000Operating[71]
Superman: Krypton CoasterFloorless CoasterSix Flags Fiesta TexasUnited States United States2000Operating[72]
Diving Machine G5Dive CoasterJanfusun FancyworldTaiwan Taiwan2000Operating[73]
Insane SpeedFloorless CoasterJanfusun FancyworldTaiwan Taiwan2001Operating[74]
NitroHyper CoasterSix Flags Great AdventureUnited States United States2001Operating[75]
TalonInverted CoasterDorney ParkUnited States United States2001Operating[76]
WildfireSitting CoasterSilver Dollar CityUnited States United States2001Operating[77]
Galactica
Formerly Air
Flying CoasterAlton TowersUnited Kingdom United Kingdom2002Operating[78]
Batman: The Dark KnightFloorless CoasterSix Flags New EnglandUnited States United States2002Operating[79]
Batman: Arkham Asylum
Formerly Batman: La Fuga
Inverted CoasterParque Warner MadridSpain Spain2002Operating[80]
Silver StarHyper CoasterEuropa ParkGermany Germany2002Operating[81]
Superman: La Atracción de AceroFloorless CoasterParque Warner MadridSpain Spain2002Operating[82]
Superman: Ultimate FlightFlying CoasterSix Flags Over GeorgiaUnited States United States2002Operating[83]
VampireInverted CoasterLa RondeCanada Canada2002Operating[84]
Nemesis InfernoInverted CoasterThorpe ParkUnited Kingdom United Kingdom2003Operating[85]
ScreamFloorless CoasterSix Flags Magic MountainUnited States United States2003Operating[86]
Superman: Ultimate FlightFlying CoasterSix Flags Great AmericaUnited States United States2003Operating[87]
Superman: Ultimate FlightFlying CoasterSix Flags Great AdventureUnited States United States2003Operating[88]
DæmonenFloorless CoasterTivoli GardensDenmark Denmark2004Operating[89]
LightningInverted CoasterKuwait Entertainment CityKuwait Kuwait2004Removed[90]
Silver BulletInverted CoasterKnott's Berry FarmUnited States United States2004Operating[91]
Hydra the RevengeFloorless CoasterDorney ParkUnited States United States2005Operating[92]
SheiKraDive CoasterBusch Gardens TampaUnited States United States2005Operating[93]
Black MambaInverted CoasterPhantasialandGermany Germany2006Operating[94]
Crystal WingFlying CoasterHappy Valley BeijingChina China2006Operating[95]
GoliathHyper CoasterLa RondeCanada Canada2006Operating[96]
GoliathHyper CoasterSix Flags Over GeorgiaUnited States United States2006Operating[97]
PatriotInverted CoasterWorlds of FunUnited States United States2006Operating[98]
TatsuFlying CoasterSix Flags Magic MountainUnited States United States2006Operating[99]
GriffonDive CoasterBusch Gardens WilliamsburgUnited States United States2007Operating[100]
Hollywood Dream: The RideHyper CoasterUniversal Studios JapanJapan Japan2007Operating[101]
PhaethonInverted CoasterGyeongju WorldSouth Korea South Korea2007Operating[102]
BehemothHyper CoasterCanada's WonderlandCanada Canada2008Operating[103]
Dive CoasterDive CoasterChimelong ParadiseChina China2008Operating[104]
Dominator
Formerly Batman: Knight Flight
Floorless CoasterKings Dominion
Geauga Lake
United States United States2008
2000 to 2007
Operating[105]
[106]
Goliath
Formerly Batman: The Ride
Formerly Gambit
Inverted CoasterSix Flags Fiesta Texas
Six Flags New Orleans
Thrill Valley
United States United States2008
2003 to 2005
1995 to 2002
Operating[107]
[108]
[109]
DiamondbackHyper CoasterKings IslandUnited States United States2009Operating[110]
Diving CoasterDive CoasterHappy Valley ShanghaiChina China2009Operating[111]
MantaFlying CoasterSeaWorld OrlandoUnited States United States2009Operating[112]
Monster
Formerly Orochi
Inverted CoasterWalygator Parc
Expoland
France France2010
1996 to 2007
Operating[113]
[114]
IntimidatorHyper CoasterCarowindsUnited States United States2010Operating[115]
Green Lantern
Formerly Chang
Stand-Up CoasterSix Flags Great Adventure
Kentucky Kingdom
United States United States2011
1997 to 2009
Operating[116]
[117]
Hair RaiserFloorless CoasterOcean Park Hong KongHong Kong Hong Kong2011Operating[118]
KrakeDive CoasterHeide ParkGermany Germany2011Operating[119]
RaptorWing CoasterGardalandItaly Italy2011Operating[120]
Starry Sky Ripper
Formerly Sky Scrapper
Flying CoasterJoylandChina China2011Operating[121]
LeviathanHyper CoasterCanada's WonderlandCanada Canada2012Operating[122]
OzIrisInverted CoasterParc AstérixFrance France2012Operating[123]
ShambhalaHyper CoasterPortAventura ParkSpain Spain2012Operating[124]
SwarmWing CoasterThorpe ParkUnited Kingdom United Kingdom2012Operating[125]
Wild EagleWing CoasterDollywoodUnited States United States2012Operating[126]
X-FlightWing CoasterSix Flags Great AmericaUnited States United States2012Operating[127]
GateKeeperWing CoasterCedar PointUnited States United States2013Operating[128]
NitroFloorless CoasterAdlabs ImagicaIndia India2013Operating[129]
BansheeInverted CoasterKings IslandUnited States United States2014Operating[130]
Parrot Coaster
Formerly Flying over the Rainforest
Wing CoasterChimelong Ocean KingdomChina China2014Operating[131]
Flug der DämonenWing CoasterHeide ParkGermany Germany2014Operating[132]
Family Inverted CoasterFamily Inverted CoasterHappy Valley ShanghaiChina China2014Operating[133]
HarpyFlying CoasterXishuangbanna Sunac LandChina China2015SBNO[134]
Rougarou
Formerly Mantis
Floorless Coaster
Formerly Stand-Up Coaster
Cedar PointUnited States United States2015
1996 to 2014
Operating[135]
AcrobatFlying CoasterNagashima Spa LandJapan Japan2015Operating[136]
ThunderbirdWing Coaster (Launch)Holiday WorldUnited States United States2015Operating[137]
Oblivion: The Black HoleDive CoasterGardalandItaly Italy2015Operating[138]
Baron 1898Dive CoasterEftelingNetherlands Netherlands2015Operating[139]
Fury 325Hyper CoasterCarowindsUnited States United States2015Operating[140]
MakoHyper CoasterSeaWorld OrlandoUnited States United States2016Operating[141]
The Flying DinosaurFlying CoasterUniversal Studios JapanJapan Japan2016Operating[142]
ValravnDive CoasterCedar PointUnited States United States2016Operating[143]
Dragon's Run
Formerly Time Machine
Formerly Led Zeppelin - The Ride
Sitting CoasterDragon Park Ha Long
Freestyle Music Park
Hard Rock Park
Vietnam Vietnam2017
2009
2008
Operating[144]
[145]
Patriot
Formerly Vortex
Floorless Coaster
Formerly Stand-Up Coaster
California's Great AmericaUnited States United States2017
1991 to 2016
Operating[146]
Flying Wing CoasterWing CoasterHappy Valley ChongqingChina China2017Operating[147]
DrakenDive CoasterGyeongju WorldSouth Korea South Korea2018Operating[148]
Western Regions HeavenDive CoasterHappy Valley ChengduChina China2018Operating[149]
ValkyriaDive CoasterLisebergSweden Sweden2018Operating[150]
Family Inverted CoasterFamily Inverted CoasterHappy Valley BeijingChina China2018Operating[151]
Wing CoasterWing CoasterColourful Yunnan Happy WorldChina China2018Operating[152]
FēnixWing CoasterToverlandNetherlands Netherlands2018Operating[153]
Heaven's WingWing CoasterHB WorldChina China2018Operating[154]
Yukon StrikerDive CoasterCanada's WonderlandCanada Canada2019Operating[155]
Firebird
Formerly Apocalypse
Formerly Iron Wolf
Floorless Coaster
Formerly Stand-Up Coaster
Six Flags America
Six Flags Great America
United States United States2019
2012 to 2018
1990 to 2011
Operating[156]
[157]
UnknownWing CoasterHot Go DreamworldChina ChinaUnknownSBNO[158]
UnknownHyper CoasterHot Go DreamworldChina ChinaUnknownSBNO[159]
Flight of the Himalayan Eagle Music Roller CoasterHyper CoasterHappy Valley BeijingChina China2019Operating[160]
FalconWing CoasterWuxi Sunac LandChina China2019Operating[161]
Forest PredatorWing CoasterHappy Valley NanjingChina China2020Operating[162]
CandymoniumHyper CoasterHersheyparkUnited States United States2020Operating[163]
OrionHyper CoasterKings IslandUnited States United States2020Operating[164]
MonsterInverted CoasterGröna LundSweden Sweden2021Operating[165]
DecepticoasterSitting CoasterUniversal Studios BeijingChina China2021Operating[166]
EmperorDive CoasterSeaWorld San DiegoUnited States United States2022Operating[167]
DaVinci RideWing CoasterFantasy ValleyChina China2022Operating[168]
Dr. Diabolical’s CliffhangerDive CoasterSix Flags Fiesta TexasUnited States United States2022Operating[169]
Maximus - Der Flug des WächtersWing CoasterLegoland DeutschlandGermany Germany2023Operating[170]
Pipeline: The Surf CoasterSurf Coaster (Stand Up)SeaWorld OrlandoUnited States United States2023Operating[171]
Mandrill MayhemWing Coaster (shuttle)Chessington World of AdventuresUnited Kingdom United Kingdom2023Operating[172]
Iron MenaceDive CoasterDorney ParkUnited States United States2024Under construction[173]
Penguin TrekFamily CoasterSeaWorld OrlandoUnited States United States2024Under construction[174]
Phoenix RisingFamily Inverted CoasterBusch Gardens TampaUnited States United States2024Under construction[175]

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  43. Marden, Duane. "Vortex  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  44. Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  45. Marden, Duane. "Flight Deck  (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  46. Marden, Duane. "Kumba  (Bush Gardens Tampa)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  47. Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  48. Marden, Duane. "Diavlo  (Himeji Central Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  49. Marden, Duane. "Nemesis  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  50. Marden, Duane. "Raptor  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  51. Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags St. Louis)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  52. Marden, Duane. "Dragon Khan  (PortAventura)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  53. Marden, Duane. "Montu  (Bush Gardens Tampa Bay)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  54. Marden, Duane. "Alpengeist  (Bush Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  55. Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  56. Marden, Duane. "Pyrenees  (Parque Espana)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  57. Marden, Duane. "The Great White  (SeaWorld San Antonio)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  58. Marden, Duane. "Oblivion  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  59. Marden, Duane. "Great Bear  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  60. Marden, Duane. "The Riddler's Revenge  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  61. Marden, Duane. "Afterburn  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  62. Marden, Duane. "Medusa  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  63. Marden, Duane. "Incredible Hulk  (Universal Islands of Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  64. Marden, Duane. "Dragon Challenge  (Universal Islands of Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  65. Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  66. Marden, Duane. "Raging Bull  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  67. Marden, Duane. "Georgia Scorcher  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  68. Marden, Duane. "Apollo's Chariot  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  69. Marden, Duane. "Kraken Unleashed  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  70. Marden, Duane. "Medusa  (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  71. Marden, Duane. "Katun  (Mirabilandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  72. Marden, Duane. "Superman: Krypton Coaster  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  73. Marden, Duane. "Diving Machine G5  (Janfusun Fancyworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  74. Marden, Duane. "Insane Speed  (Janfusun Fancyworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  75. Marden, Duane. "Nitro  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  76. Marden, Duane. "Talon  (Dorney Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  77. Marden, Duane. "Wildfire  (Silver Dollar City)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  78. Marden, Duane. "Air  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  79. Marden, Duane. "Batman – The Dark Knight  (Six Flags New England)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  80. Marden, Duane. "Batman: Arkham Asylum  (Parque Warner Madrid)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  81. Marden, Duane. "Silver Star  (Europa Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  82. Marden, Duane. "Superman: La Atracción de Acero  (Parque Warner Madrid)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  83. Marden, Duane. "Superman: Ultimate Flight  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  84. Marden, Duane. "Vampire  (La Ronde)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  85. Marden, Duane. "Nemesis Inferno  (Thorpe Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  86. Marden, Duane. "Scream  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  87. Marden, Duane. "Superman: Ultimate Flight  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  88. Marden, Duane. "Superman:Ultimate Flight  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  89. Marden, Duane. "Dæmonen  (Tivoli Gardens)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  90. Marden, Duane. "Lightning  (Kuwait Entertainment City)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  91. Marden, Duane. "Silver Bullet  (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  92. Marden, Duane. "Hydra the Revenge  (Dorney Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  93. Marden, Duane. "SheiKra  (Bush Gardens Tampa Bay)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  94. Marden, Duane. "Black Mamba  (Phantasialand)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  95. Marden, Duane. "Crystal Wing  (Happy Valley Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  96. Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (La Ronde)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  97. Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  98. Marden, Duane. "Patriot  (Worlds of Fun)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  99. Marden, Duane. "Tatsu  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  100. Marden, Duane. "Griffon  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  101. Marden, Duane. "Hollywood Dream: The Ride  (Universal Studios Japan)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  102. Marden, Duane. "Phaethon  (Gyeongju World)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  103. Marden, Duane. "Behemoth  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  104. Marden, Duane. "Dive Coaster  (Chimelong Paradise)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  105. Marden, Duane. "Dominator  (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  106. Marden, Duane. "Dominator  (Geauga Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  107. Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  108. Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags New Orleans)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  109. Marden, Duane. "Gambit  (Thrill Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  110. Marden, Duane. "Diamondback  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  111. Marden, Duane. "Diving Coaster  (Happy Valley Shanghai)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  112. Marden, Duane. "Manta  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  113. Marden, Duane. "Monster  (Walygator Parc)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  114. Marden, Duane. "Orochi  (Expoland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  115. Marden, Duane. "Intimidator  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  116. Marden, Duane. "Green Lantern  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  117. Marden, Duane. "Chang  (Kentucky Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  118. Marden, Duane. "Hair Raiser  (Ocean Park Hong Kong)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  119. Marden, Duane. "Krake  (Heide Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  120. Marden, Duane. "Raptor  (Gardaland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  121. Marden, Duane. "Starry Sky Ripper  (Joyland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  122. Marden, Duane. "Leviathan  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  123. Marden, Duane. "OzIris  (Parc Astérix)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  124. Marden, Duane. "Shambhala  (PortAdventura)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  125. Marden, Duane. "The Swarm  (Thorpe Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  126. Marden, Duane. "Wild Eagle  (Dollywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  127. Marden, Duane. "X-Flight  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  128. Marden, Duane. "GateKeeper  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  129. Marden, Duane. "Nitro  (Adlabs Imagica)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  130. Marden, Duane. "Banshee  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  131. Marden, Duane. "Parrot Coaster  (Ocean Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  132. Marden, Duane. "Flug der Dämonen  (Heide Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  133. Marden, Duane. "Family Inverted Coaster  (Happy Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  134. Marden, Duane. "Harpy  (Xishuangbanna Sunac Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  135. Marden, Duane. "Rougarou  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  136. Marden, Duane. "Acrobat  (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  137. Marden, Duane. "Thunderbird  (Holiday World)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  138. Marden, Duane. "Oblivion The Black Hole  (Gardaland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  139. Marden, Duane. "Baron 1898  (Efteling)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  140. Marden, Duane. "Fury 325  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  141. Marden, Duane. "Mako  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  142. Marden, Duane. "The Flying Dinosaur  (Universal Studios Japan)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  143. Marden, Duane. "Valravn  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  144. Marden, Duane. "Dragon's Run  (Dragon Park Ha Long)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  145. Marden, Duane. "Time Machine  (Freestyle Music Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  146. Marden, Duane. "Patriot  (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  147. Marden, Duane. "Flying Wing Coaster  (Happy Valley Chongqing)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  148. Marden, Duane. "Draken  (Gyeongju World)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  149. Marden, Duane. "Western Regions Heaven  (Happy Valley Chengdu)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  150. Marden, Duane. "Valkyria  (Liseberg)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  151. Marden, Duane. "Family Inverted Coaster  (Happy Valley Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  152. Marden, Duane. "Wing Coaster  (Colourful Yunnan Happy World)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  153. Marden, Duane. "Fēnix  (Toverland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  154. Marden, Duane. "Heaven's Wing  (HB World)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  155. Marden, Duane. "Yukon Striker  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  156. Marden, Duane. "Firebird  (Six Flags America)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  157. Marden, Duane. "Iron Wolf  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  158. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Hot Go Dreamworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  159. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Hot Go Dreamworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  160. Marden, Duane. "Flight of the Himalayan Eagle Music Roller Coaster  (Happy Valley Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  161. Marden, Duane. "Falcon  (Wuxi Sunac Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  162. Marden, Duane. "Forest Predator  (Happy Valley Nanjing)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  163. Marden, Duane. "Candymonium  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  164. Marden, Duane. "Orion  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  165. Marden, Duane. "Monster  (Gröna Lund)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  166. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Universal Studios Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  167. Marden, Duane. "Mako  (SeaWorld San Diego)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  168. Marden, Duane. "DaVinci Ride  (Fantasy Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  169. Marden, Duane. "Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  170. Marden, Duane. "Maximus - Der Flug des Wächters  (Legoland Deutschland)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  171. Marden, Duane. "Pipeline  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  172. Marden, Duane. " (Chessington World of Adventures)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  173. Marden, Duane. " (Dorney Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  174. Marden, Duane. " (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  175. Marden, Duane. " (Busch Gardens Tampa Bay)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
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