Sa
Sa
Example glyphs
MeiteiSa
Bengali-AssameseSa
TibetanSa
Tamil
ஸ
Thai
ส
Malayalam
സ
Sinhala
ස
Ashoka BrahmiSa
DevanagariSa
Cognates
Hebrewס
GreekΞ
CyrillicѮ
Properties
Phonemic representation/s/
IAST transliterations S
ISCII code pointD7 (215)

Sa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Sa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of स are:[1]

  • स [sə] = 90 (९०)
  • सि [sɪ] = 9,000 (९ ०००)
  • सु [sʊ] = 900,000 (९ ०० ०००)
  • सृ [sri] = 90,000,000 (९ ०० ०० ०००)
  • सॢ [slə] = 9×109 (९×१०९)
  • से [se] = 9×1011 (९×१०११)
  • सै [sɛː] = 9×1013 (९×१०१३)
  • सो [soː] = 9×1015 (९×१०१५)
  • सौ [sɔː] = 9×1017 (९×१०१७)

Historic Sa

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Sa as found in standard Brahmi, Sa was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Sa. The Tocharian Sa Sa had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, Sa. The third form of sa, in Kharoshthi (Sa) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Sa

The Brahmi letter Sa, Sa, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Samekh , and is thus related to the modern Greek Xi.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Sa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Sa historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)		Girnar
(~150 BCE)		Kushana
(~150-250 CE)		Gujarat
(~250 CE)		Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Sa

The Tocharian letter Sa is derived from the Brahmi Sa, and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form Sä used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Sä.

Tocharian Sa with vowel marks
SaSāSiSīSuSūSrSr̄SeSaiSoSauSäFremdzeichen

Kharoṣṭhī Sa

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Sa is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Samekh , and is thus related to Xi, in addition to the Brahmi Sa.[2]

Devanagari Sa

Sa (स) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter સ, and the Modi letter 𑘭.

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, स is pronounced as [sə] or [s] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari स with vowel marks
SaSāSiSīSuSūSrSr̄SlSl̄SeSaiSoSauS
स सा सि सी सु सू सृ सॄ सॢ सॣ से सै सो सौ स्

Conjuncts with स

Half form of Sa.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of स

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + स (sa) gives the ligature rsa: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + स (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

  • स্ (s) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature sra:

Stacked conjuncts of स

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (ch) + स (sa) gives the ligature chsa:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + स (sa) gives the ligature ḍʱsa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + स (sa) gives the ligature ḍsa:

  • द্ (d) + स (sa) gives the ligature dsa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + स (sa) gives the ligature ŋsa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + स্ (s) + व (va) gives the ligature rsva:

  • स্ (s) + ब (ba) gives the ligature sba:

  • स্ (s) + च (ca) gives the ligature sca:

  • स্ (s) + ज (ja) gives the ligature sja:

  • स্ (s) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature sjña:

  • स্ (s) + ल (la) gives the ligature sla:

  • स্ (s) + न (na) gives the ligature sna:

  • स্ (s) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature sña:

  • स্ (s) + व (va) gives the ligature sva:

  • ठ্ (ṭh) + स (sa) gives the ligature ṭhsa:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + स (sa) gives the ligature ṭsa:

Bengali Sa

The Bengali script স is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, स. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter স will sometimes be transliterated as "so" instead of "sa". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /so/. Like all Indic consonants, স can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali স with vowel marks
sasāsisīsusūsrsr̄sesaisosaus
স সা সি সী সু সূ সৃ সৄ সে সৈ সো সৌ স্

স in Bengali-using languages

স is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with স

Bengali স exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[5]

  • ক্ (k) + স (sa) gives the ligature ksa:

  • প্ (p) + স (sa) gives the ligature psa:

  • র্ (r) + স (sa) gives the ligature rsa, with the repha prefix:

  • স্ (s) + ক (ka) gives the ligature ska:

  • স্ (s) + খ (kha) gives the ligature skha:

  • স্ (s) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the ligature skra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • স্ (s) + ল (la) gives the ligature sla:

  • স্ (s) + ম (ma) gives the ligature sma:

  • স্ (s) + ন (na) gives the ligature sna:

  • স্ (s) + প (pa) gives the ligature spa:

  • স্ (s) + ফ (pha) gives the ligature spha:

  • স্ (s) + প্ (p) + ল (la) gives the ligature spla:

  • স্ (s) + র (ra) gives the ligature sra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • স্ (s) + ত (ta) gives the ligature sta:

  • স্ (s) + থ (tha) gives the ligature stha:

  • স্ (s) + থ্ (th) + য (ya) gives the ligature sthya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature stra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • স্ (s) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature sṭa:

  • স্ (s) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature sṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives the ligature stva, with the va phala suffix:

  • স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature stya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • স্ (s) + ব (va) gives the ligature sva, with the va phala suffix:

  • স্ (s) + য (ya) gives the ligature sya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ত্ (t) + স (sa) gives the ligature tsa:

Gujarati Sa

Gujarati Sa.

Sa (સ) is the thirty-second consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Sa Sa with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Sa.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, સ is pronounced as [sə] or [s] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

SaSāSiSīSuSūSrSlSr̄Sl̄SĕSeSaiSŏSoSauS
Gujarati Sa syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with સ

Half form of Sa.

Gujarati સ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + સ (sa) gives the ligature RSa:

  • સ્ (s) + ર (ra) gives the ligature SRa:

Javanese Sa

Telugu Sa

Telugu Sa
Telugu subjoined Sa
Telugu independent and subjoined Sa.

Sa (స) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter S. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಸ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Sa

Malayalam letter Sa

Sa (സ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter S, via the Grantha letter Sa Sa. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Sa matras: Sa, Sā, Si, Sī, Su, Sū, Sr̥, Sr̥̄, Sl̥, Sl̥̄, Se, Sē, Sai, So, Sō, Sau, and S.

Conjuncts of സ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • സ് (s) + ത (ta) gives the ligature sta:

  • സ് (s) + ഥ (tha) gives the ligature stha:

  • സ് (s) + ന (na) gives the ligature sna:

  • സ് (s) + പ (pa) gives the ligature spa:

  • സ് (s) + മ (ma) gives the ligature sma:

  • ക് (k) + സ (sa) gives the ligature ksa:

  • ത് (t) + സ (sa) gives the ligature tsa:

  • പ് (p) + സ (sa) gives the ligature psa:

  • സ് (s) + സ (sa) gives the ligature ssa:

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Se

ᓭ, ᓯ, ᓱ and ᓴ are the base characters "Se", "Si", "So" and "Sa" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᔅ (S) is a small version of the A-series letter ᓴ, although the letter ᐢ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for S. The character ᓭ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter स, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring.[6][7] Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant E-series I-series O-series A-series Other
S + vowel ᓭᓯᓱᓴ-
SeSiSoSa-
Small -ᣚᔇᔅᐢ
-Ojibway SSwSAlgonquian S
S with long vowels -ᓰᓲᓳᓵ-
-SīSōCree SōSā-
S + W-vowels ᓶᓷᓸᓹᓼᓽᔀᔁᔋ
SweCree SweSwiCree SwiSwoCree SwoSwaCree SwaNaskapi Sw
S + long W-vowels -ᓺᓻᓾᓿᔂᔄᔃ-
-SwīCree SwīSwōCree SwōSwāNaskapi SwāCree Swā-
S with ring diacritics -ᓮᢾᢿ-
-SāiSoySay-
Naskapi compound letters ᔌᔍᔏᔎᔊ
SpwaStwaScwaSkwaSkw

Odia Sa

Odia independent letter Sa
Odia subjoined letter Sa
Odia independent and subjoined letter Sa.

Sa (ସ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter S, via the Siddhaṃ letter Sa Sa. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Sa with vowel matras
SaSāSiSīSuSūSr̥Sr̥̄Sl̥Sl̥̄SeSaiSoSauS
ସସାସିସୀସୁସୂସୃସୄସୢସୣସେସୈସୋସୌସ୍

Conjuncts of ସ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ତ୍ (t) + ସ (sa) gives the ligature tsa:

Kaithi Sa

Kaithi consonant Sa
Kaithi half-form letter Sa
Kaithi consonant and half-form Sa.

Sa (𑂮) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter S, via the Siddhaṃ letter Sa Sa. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Sa with vowel matras
SaSāSiSīSuSūSeSaiSoSauS
𑂮𑂮𑂰𑂮𑂱𑂮𑂲𑂮𑂳𑂮𑂴𑂮𑂵𑂮𑂶𑂮𑂷𑂮𑂸𑂮𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂮

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂮୍ (s) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature sra:

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂮 (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

Comparison of Sa

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Sa, are related as well.

Comparison of Sa in different scripts
Aramaic
Sa
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨯		Ashoka Brahmi
Sa		Kushana Brahmi[lower-alpha 1]
Sa		Tocharian[lower-alpha 2]
Sa / Sa
Gupta Brahmi
Sa		Pallava
Sa
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰭		Siddhaṃ
Sa		Grantha
𑌸		Cham
ꨧ
Sinhala
ස		Pyu /
Old Mon[lower-alpha 3]
-
Tibetan
Sa		Newa
𑐳		Ahom
𑜏		Malayalam
സ
Telugu
స		Burmese
သ
Lepcha
ᰠ		Ranjana
Sa		Saurashtra
ꢱ		Dives Akuru
𑤬
Kannada
ಸ		Kayah Li
ꤎ
Limbu
ᤛ		Soyombo[lower-alpha 4]
𑪁		Khmer
ស		Tamil
ஸ
Chakma
𑄥		Tai Tham
ᩈ
Meitei Mayek
ꯁ		Gaudi
-		Thai
ส		Lao
ສ
Tai Le
ᥔ
Marchen
𑲍		Tirhuta
𑒮		New Tai Lue
ᦉ		Tai Viet
ꪎ / ꪏ		Aksara Kawi
Sa
'Phags-pa
ꡛ		Odia
ସ		Sharada
𑆱		Rejang
ꤼ		Batak
ᯘ		Buginese
ᨔ
Zanabazar Square
𑨰		Bengali-Assamese
Sa		Takri
𑚨		Javanese
ꦱ		Balinese
ᬲ		Makasar
𑻰
Hangul[lower-alpha 5]
-		Northern Nagari
-		Dogri
𑠩		Laṇḍā
-		Sundanese
ᮞ		Baybayin
ᜐ
Modi
𑘭		Gujarati
સ		Khojki
𑈩		Khudabadi
𑋝		Mahajani
𑅰		Tagbanwa
ᝰ
Devanagari
Sa		Nandinagari
𑧍		Kaithi
𑂮		Gurmukhi
ਸ		Multani
𑊥		Buhid
ᝐ
Canadian Syllabics[lower-alpha 6]
ᓭ		Soyombo[lower-alpha 7]
𑪁		Sylheti Nagari
ꠡ		Gunjala Gondi
𑶉		Masaram Gondi[lower-alpha 8]
𑴫		Hanuno'o
ᜰ
Notes
  1. ↑ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ↑ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ↑ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ↑ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ↑ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ↑ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ↑ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ↑ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Character encodings of Sa

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Sa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Sa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Previewஸసସಸസસਸ
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER SA BENGALI LETTER SA TAMIL LETTER SA TELUGU LETTER SA ORIYA LETTER SA KANNADA LETTER SA MALAYALAM LETTER SA GUJARATI LETTER SA GURMUKHI LETTER SA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode2360U+09382488U+09B83000U+0BB83128U+0C382872U+0B383256U+0CB83384U+0D382744U+0AB82616U+0A38
UTF-8224 164 184E0 A4 B8224 166 184E0 A6 B8224 174 184E0 AE B8224 176 184E0 B0 B8224 172 184E0 AC B8224 178 184E0 B2 B8224 180 184E0 B4 B8224 170 184E0 AA B8224 168 184E0 A8 B8
Numeric character referenceससসসஸஸససସସಸಸസസસસਸਸ
ISCII215D7215D7215D7215D7215D7215D7215D7215D7215D7


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨯𑌸
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER SA KHAROSHTHI LETTER SA SIDDHAM LETTER SA GRANTHA LETTER SA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode69682U+1103268143U+10A2F71085U+115AD70456U+11338
UTF-8240 145 128 178F0 91 80 B2240 144 168 175F0 90 A8 AF240 145 150 173F0 91 96 AD240 145 140 184F0 91 8C B8
UTF-1655300 56370D804 DC3255298 56879D802 DE2F55301 56749D805 DDAD55300 57144D804 DF38
Numeric character reference𑀲𑀲𐨯𐨯𑖭𑖭𑌸𑌸


Character information
Previewྶꡛ𑨰𑐳𑰭𑆱
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER SA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER SA PHAGS-PA LETTER SA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SA NEWA LETTER SA BHAIKSUKI LETTER SA SHARADA LETTER SA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3942U+0F664022U+0FB643099U+A85B72240U+11A3070707U+1143372749U+11C2D70065U+111B1
UTF-8224 189 166E0 BD A6224 190 182E0 BE B6234 161 155EA A1 9B240 145 168 176F0 91 A8 B0240 145 144 179F0 91 90 B3240 145 176 173F0 91 B0 AD240 145 134 177F0 91 86 B1
UTF-1639420F6640220FB643099A85B55302 56880D806 DE3055301 56371D805 DC3355303 56365D807 DC2D55300 56753D804 DDB1
Numeric character referenceསསྶྶꡛꡛ𑨰𑨰𑐳𑐳𑰭𑰭𑆱𑆱


Character information
Previewသဿᩈᩞᩔᦉ
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER SA MYANMAR LETTER GREAT SA TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SA TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN SA TAI THAM LETTER GREAT SA NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH SA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode4126U+101E4159U+103F6728U+1A486750U+1A5E6740U+1A546537U+1989
UTF-8225 128 158E1 80 9E225 128 191E1 80 BF225 169 136E1 A9 88225 169 158E1 A9 9E225 169 148E1 A9 94225 166 137E1 A6 89
Numeric character referenceသသဿဿᩈᩈᩞᩞᩔᩔᦉᦉ


Character information
Previewសສสꪎꪏ
Unicode name KHMER LETTER SA LAO LETTER SO SUNG THAI CHARACTER SO SUA TAI VIET LETTER LOW SO TAI VIET LETTER HIGH SO
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6047U+179F3754U+0EAA3626U+0E2A43662U+AA8E43663U+AA8F
UTF-8225 158 159E1 9E 9F224 186 170E0 BA AA224 184 170E0 B8 AA234 170 142EA AA 8E234 170 143EA AA 8F
Numeric character referenceសសສສสสꪎꪎꪏꪏ


Character information
Previewසꤎ𑄥ᥔ𑜏𑤬ꢱꨧ
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER DANTAJA SAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER SA CHAKMA LETTER SAA TAI LE LETTER SA AHOM LETTER SA DIVES AKURU LETTER SA SAURASHTRA LETTER SA CHAM LETTER SA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3523U+0DC343278U+A90E69925U+111256484U+195471439U+1170F71980U+1192C43185U+A8B143559U+AA27
UTF-8224 183 131E0 B7 83234 164 142EA A4 8E240 145 132 165F0 91 84 A5225 165 148E1 A5 94240 145 156 143F0 91 9C 8F240 145 164 172F0 91 A4 AC234 162 177EA A2 B1234 168 167EA A8 A7
UTF-1635230DC343278A90E55300 56613D804 DD256484195455301 57103D805 DF0F55302 56620D806 DD2C43185A8B143559AA27
Numeric character referenceසසꤎꤎ𑄥𑄥ᥔᥔ𑜏𑜏𑤬𑤬ꢱꢱꨧꨧ


Character information
Preview𑘭𑧍𑪁ꠡ𑶉𑂮
Unicode name MODI LETTER SA NANDINAGARI LETTER SA SOYOMBO LETTER SA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER SO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER SA KAITHI LETTER SA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71213U+1162D72141U+119CD72321U+11A8143041U+A82173097U+11D8969806U+110AE
UTF-8240 145 152 173F0 91 98 AD240 145 167 141F0 91 A7 8D240 145 170 129F0 91 AA 81234 160 161EA A0 A1240 145 182 137F0 91 B6 89240 145 130 174F0 91 82 AE
UTF-1655301 56877D805 DE2D55302 56781D806 DDCD55302 56961D806 DE8143041A82155303 56713D807 DD8955300 56494D804 DCAE
Numeric character reference𑘭𑘭𑧍𑧍𑪁𑪁ꠡꠡ𑶉𑶉𑂮𑂮


Character information
Preview𑒮ᰠᤛꯁ𑲍
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER SA LEPCHA LETTER SA LIMBU LETTER SA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER SAM MARCHEN LETTER SA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode70830U+114AE7200U+1C206427U+191B43969U+ABC172845U+11C8D
UTF-8240 145 146 174F0 91 92 AE225 176 160E1 B0 A0225 164 155E1 A4 9B234 175 129EA AF 81240 145 178 141F0 91 B2 8D
UTF-1655301 56494D805 DCAE72001C206427191B43969ABC155303 56461D807 DC8D
Numeric character reference𑒮𑒮ᰠᰠᤛᤛꯁꯁ𑲍𑲍


Character information
Preview𑚨𑠩𑈩𑋝𑅰𑊥
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER SA DOGRA LETTER SA KHOJKI LETTER SA KHUDAWADI LETTER SA MAHAJANI LETTER SA MULTANI LETTER SA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71336U+116A871721U+1182970185U+1122970365U+112DD70000U+1117070309U+112A5
UTF-8240 145 154 168F0 91 9A A8240 145 160 169F0 91 A0 A9240 145 136 169F0 91 88 A9240 145 139 157F0 91 8B 9D240 145 133 176F0 91 85 B0240 145 138 165F0 91 8A A5
UTF-1655301 57000D805 DEA855302 56361D806 DC2955300 56873D804 DE2955300 57053D804 DEDD55300 56688D804 DD7055300 56997D804 DEA5
Numeric character reference𑚨𑚨𑠩𑠩𑈩𑈩𑋝𑋝𑅰𑅰𑊥𑊥


Character information
Previewᬲᯘᨔꦱ𑻰ꤼᮞ
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER SA BATAK LETTER SA BUGINESE LETTER SA JAVANESE LETTER SA MAKASAR LETTER SA REJANG LETTER SA SUNDANESE LETTER SA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6962U+1B327128U+1BD86676U+1A1443441U+A9B173456U+11EF043324U+A93C7070U+1B9E
UTF-8225 172 178E1 AC B2225 175 152E1 AF 98225 168 148E1 A8 94234 166 177EA A6 B1240 145 187 176F0 91 BB B0234 164 188EA A4 BC225 174 158E1 AE 9E
UTF-1669621B3271281BD866761A1443441A9B155303 57072D807 DEF043324A93C70701B9E
Numeric character referenceᬲᬲᯘᯘᨔᨔꦱꦱ𑻰𑻰ꤼꤼᮞᮞ


Character information
Previewᜐᝰᝐᜰ𑴫
Unicode name TAGALOG LETTER SA TAGBANWA LETTER SA BUHID LETTER SA HANUNOO LETTER SA MASARAM GONDI LETTER SA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode5904U+17106000U+17705968U+17505936U+173073003U+11D2B
UTF-8225 156 144E1 9C 90225 157 176E1 9D B0225 157 144E1 9D 90225 156 176E1 9C B0240 145 180 171F0 91 B4 AB
UTF-165904171060001770596817505936173055303 56619D807 DD2B
Numeric character referenceᜐᜐᝰᝰᝐᝐᜰᜰ𑴫𑴫
Character information
Previewᓭᓯᓱᓴᔅ
Unicode name CANADIAN SYLLABICS SE CANADIAN SYLLABICS SI CANADIAN SYLLABICS SO CANADIAN SYLLABICS SA CANADIAN SYLLABICS S
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode5357U+14ED5359U+14EF5361U+14F15364U+14F45381U+1505
UTF-8225 147 173E1 93 AD225 147 175E1 93 AF225 147 177E1 93 B1225 147 180E1 93 B4225 148 133E1 94 85
Numeric character referenceᓭᓭᓯᓯᓱᓱᓴᓴᔅᔅ
  • The full range of SE Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 14ED-1505, 1507, 1509-150F, 18BE-18BF, 18DA.

References

  1. ↑ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. 1 2 Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ↑ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
  4. ↑ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ↑ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
  6. ↑ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
  7. ↑ Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.