The Windows Phone Silverlight 8.1 app model gives Windows Phone 8 developers access to some of the newest features available in Windows Phone Store apps without significantly modifying existing Windows Phone 8 code. It uses Silverlight based APIs.
Windows Phone Silverlight 8.1 apps uses Silverlight based APIs, unlike Windows Phone 8.1, which uses Windows Runtime APIs. Some features behave differently in Windows Phone Silverlight 8.1 than Windows Phone 8.1. MSDN has specified these differences in Windows Phone 8.1 feature behavior for Windows Phone Silverlight 8.1 apps.
Resources for learning are available at MSDN Dev Center.
Official developer resources are available at dev.windowsphone.com.