Yet another solution
I created publish settings on the remote IIS and imported them in Visual Studio 2017 (15.2).
After that I changed the URL to specify the sitename as the IIS-user only has access to the specific site (thanks to this answer on SO).
I've entered the credentials via the UI and there is no need to store the password in the profile.
My profile looks like:
<WebPublishMethod>MSDeploy</WebPublishMethod>
<LastUsedBuildConfiguration>Release</LastUsedBuildConfiguration>
<LastUsedPlatform>Any CPU</LastUsedPlatform>
<SiteUrlToLaunchAfterPublish>https://some.site.com:443/</SiteUrlToLaunchAfterPublish>
<LaunchSiteAfterPublish>True</LaunchSiteAfterPublish>
<ExcludeApp_Data>False</ExcludeApp_Data>
<PublishFramework>netcoreapp1.1</PublishFramework>
<ProjectGuid>eecf975e-f2e6-440f-bfd6-a0a63c25e3c3</ProjectGuid>
<MSDeployServiceURL>https://url.toourserver.com:8172/msdeploy.axd?site=some.site.com</MSDeployServiceURL>
<DeployIisAppPath>some.site.com</DeployIisAppPath>
<RemoteSitePhysicalPath />
<SkipExtraFilesOnServer>True</SkipExtraFilesOnServer>
<MSDeployPublishMethod>WMSVC</MSDeployPublishMethod>
<EnableMSDeployBackup>True</EnableMSDeployBackup>
<UserName>IISUserName</UserName>
<AllowUntrustedCertificate>True</AllowUntrustedCertificate>
<_SavePWD>True</_SavePWD>
<AllowUntrustedCertificate>
was needed as the self signed certificate is not trusted on my machine.
With this profile a backup is made according to the settings in IIS, the site is updated and opened in my browser when the process is finished :-)
Although all the other answers here also made it work, I thought it would be nice to share this way as it involves only a few changes (AllowUntrustedCertificate) and no storage of plain passwords.