Particle in computer graphics usually refers to the small, simple images or 3D models (meshes) that are governed by and make up a particle system, usually used to depict a fuzzy object (e.g. fire, smoke, glowing trail left behind by a meteor).
Particle (in computer graphics)
Particles are small units that together represent a fuzzy object in a particle system. Over time the system generates particles, which move and change from the origin of creation (or emission) and eventually die or fade away. Link to academic paper
Particle can have a different meaning depending on if the field is computer graphics, nanotechnology, or physical sciences