Verilog Programming Interface. Also for PLI questions. Please provide details on the simulator you are working with.
VPI - Verilog programming interface.
PLI - Programming Language Interface
VPI is also known as PLI-2. VPI deprecates the original PLI interface.
VPI provides a generic interface to Verilog simulators that allows a user to query and manipulate the simulators data structures. VPI is conceptually similar to a compiler plug-in. Simulators do not produce (synthesize) final designs, but provide facilities for functional testing and verification. VPI can amend a simulation to give pseudo-timing information, to generate test vectors, and reports on Verilog code.
See: VPI at Wikipedia.
An example of using VPI with the open source simulator iverilog.